Tasks For Businesses Starting Foreign Operation Economics Essay

Organization go international for assortment of ground but most of import end and purpose is company ‘s growing and enlargement. many company look international market for growing by presenting new merchandise internationally will increase company ‘s client base, gross revenues and gross, company gets higher net incomes in less clip, it reduces the dependableness of organisation on traditional markets, company which can implemented in domestic market and larn planetary fight. This is the purposes of concern traveling international to a stable state ( www.imics.com ) . Business get downing foreign operation in different state is one sort of internationalisation. Internationalization is non a new phenomenon. Peoples have been merchandising acroos boundary line since beginning of history and this procedure of internationalisation refers to growing and international dealingss, international trade, country/regional confederations, etc, organisation has to look into the states economic, societal, political, technological, environmental, legal can civilization and many other factors before it starts its foreign operation in that stable state. The state with most stable economic, societal, political and technological factors can be considered as the most stable state. Economic factors like involvement rates, exchange rates, national income, etc, Social factors like ageing population, attitudes of people towards the work, income distribution. Technological factors like rate of technological obsolescence and innovation. , Political factors like agribusiness and nutrient policy, jurisprudence and order issues in the society, defence policy etc. the state with more freedom and which consist all the characteristics mentioned before are called as stable state for illustration: as per the study generated by Oxford Business Group states that despite the economic challenges in 2009-2010 due to the planetary fiscal crises, the grand Turk of Oman remains one of the most economically and politically stable states in the Middle East in term of concern ( www.zawya.com ) . The repot besides said on trade side, sultanate made different moves to increase the nexus with Asia and Oman is besides ask foring international organisation in industry, touristry and instruction sector to derive land and increase the GDP by 2020.india is given the topographic point of most stable state in south east Asia.India has the biggest democracy in the whole universe.Indian economic system is bettering continuously. The GDP is estimated at 2.96 trillion US dollars in 2 007 and the GDP existent growing rate in 2007 was 8.7 % . India has the 3rd highest GDP in footings of buying power para merely in front of Japan and its behind US and China.so the developed state USA, UK and Canada are attracted toward developing and stable state like India and China.and best illustration for this is ; Microsoft is be aftering to increase its work force in India by puting $ 1.7 billion by 2010 and even Cisco is be aftering to hold its 20-30 % of its employees in India by 2012.all this are the mark for India ‘s growing but the root cause of these are foreign operation and the attraction of India ‘s work force. Outsourcing is one of the major illustrations of foreign operation. Out sourcing is am resistless tendency in the twenty-first century.we can state globalisation has improved the outsourcing activities and its been supported by many states. Many companies worldwide have supported and has moved at that place foreign operation in stable states like India, Philippines. Furthermore many large companies like HP, DELL have the offshore units in the stable state for illustration HP has its client service unit in Mumbai with 3rd parties like Sutherland Global Services and NIKE company direct its designs to their other subcontractor in south Korea and China and so the production takes topographic point in south Korea and China. This helps company to bring forth more net income for there their concern activities.this is as per the information provided in WTO Website. Companies make immense net income by seaward unit for illustration: a company named ‘Xchnaging ‘ , its operating net income increased from 47.3 million lbs in 2008 to 63.9 million lb in 2009 ( The Times News, 2010 ) . And this research was done one of the IT selling research company â€Å" XMG GLOBAL † . And it states that company is one of most successful outsourcing company in India which is established.offshore is means outsourcing or opening foreign operation beyond their location or boundaries in other words traveling international. Foreign operation in stable state concentrates on much broad assortment of different merchandises, services and turning states. The factors set uping the concern are immense and if an organisation privation to travel international or want start its foreign in an stable state the certain points has to be kept in head like economic place of that state like Stage of concern rhythm, Current and projected economic growing, rising prices and involvement rates, Unemployment and labour supply of that stable state, cost of labour and skilled labour has good, Levels of disposable income and income distribution, Impact of globalisation, Likely impact of technological or other alteration on the economic system and alterations takes topographic point in economic environment of the stable state. Socio-cultural factors to be kept in head are Population growing rate of the state and age profile, Population wellness, instruction and societal mobility, and attitudes to these on the state, Population employment forms, occupation market freedom and attitudes to work of the employee. And political position which has to maintain i n head are the type authorities and its stableness, freedom of imperativeness, different regulations of the jurisprudence and degrees of bureaucratism if its has democracy and degree or corruptness every bit good, Regulation and de-regulation tendencies, societal and employment statute law of the state, most of import revenue enhancement policy and trade and duty controls, Environmental and consumer-protection statute law and likely alterations in the political environment. If the some same as to be implemented on a stable state can be done. India is one of the stable state in south west Asia and develop states like USA, UK, etc are attracted towards the development and stable state like India and one of the illustration for this can be seen late when David Cameron visited India and he opened a freshly first rural MNC BPO in India.and there are many factors company has to maintain in head before they enter India and some of the factors and been here and I have tried to pest analyses on it and explicate it Political Factors – India is the biggest democracy in the World. The authorities type is federal democracy. Based on English common jurisprudence ; judicial reappraisal of legislative Acts of the Apostless ; accepts compulsory ICJ legal power with reserves ; separate personal jurisprudence codifications apply to Muslims, Christians, and Hindus. The political Situation in the state is more or less stable. For most of its democratic history, the federal Government of India has been led by the Indian National Congress ( INC ) . State political relations have been dominated by several national parties including the INC, the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) , the Communist Party of India ( CPI ) , and assorted regional parties. In the 2004 Indian elections, the INC won the largest figure of Lok Sabha seats and formed a authorities with a alliance called the United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) , supported by assorted left-leaning parties and members opposed to the BJP. Overall India p resently has a alliance led authorities and both major political parties the UPA and BJP, whichever comes in power. Economic Factors – The economic factors in India are bettering continuously. The GDP ( Buying Power Parity ) is estimated at 2.965 trillion U.S. dollars in the twelvemonth 2007. The GDP- per Capita ( PPP ) was 2700 U.S. dollars as estimated in 2007. The GDP- existent growing rate in 2007 was 8.7 % . India has the 3rd highest GDP in footings of buying power para merely in front Japan and behind U.S. and China. Foreign direct investing rose in the financial twelvemonth ended March 31 2007 to about $ 16 billion from merely $ 5.5 billion a twelvemonth before. There is a uninterrupted growing in per capita income ; India ‘s per capita income is expected to make 1000 dollars by the terminal of 2007-08 from 797 dollars in 2006-07. This will take to higher purchasing power in the Hands of the Indian consumers.A Social – India is the 2nd most thickly settled state in the universe with an approximative population of over 1.1billion people. This population is divided in the undermentioned age construction: 0-14 old ages – 31.8 % , 15-64 old ages – 63.1 % and 65 old ages and above – 5.1 % . There has besides been a uninterrupted addition in the ingestion of beer in India. With an addition in the buying power the Indian consumer which preferred local hard spirits which is far cheaper is now able to acquire a gustatory sensation of the comparatively expensive beer market. The societal tendency toward beer ingestion is altering and India has seen an addition of 90 % beer ingestion from the twelvemonth 2002- 2007. This addition is far greater than the addition in the BRIC states of Brazil ( 20 per cent ) , Russia ( 50 per cent ) and China ( about 60 per cent ) . Thus this shows a positive tendency for beer industries in India.Technology – The Indian beer Industry is heating up with a batch of foreign participants come ining the Indian market. The technological knowhow and expertness will besides come in the Indian market with an addition in competition. For illustration beer brewing engineering major Ziemann has entered India and has set up fabrication works in India. Ziemann Group, based in Ludwigsburg near Stuttgart in Germany, has founded Ziemann India. It will get down production in 2008. This will assist convey in technological knowhow and increase the production of beer. SABMiller has merely placed an order for the design and building of two prison guard workss in India to Ziemann. The new workss are planned for Sonipat in Haryana and for another location near Bangalore. Both breweries will hold an one-year capacity of 1 milllion hectolitres each in the beginning and might be extended subsequently. Thus with European engineering come ining the Indian beer market increased production and take downing cost of production could play a major function in the Indian beer market. The OLI Model are the different theories like Ownership: The Indian market provides good ownership chances for Inbev India Internat ional private limited. The Government policies on FDI are loosen uping and companies like Carlsberg has besides invested in breweries in India. Besides cost of fabrication and brewing beer in India is much cheaper. The cost of natural stuff and labour in India is inexpensive therefore giving Inbev India a good opportunity of cut downing cost of production. The fact that European companies are puting up workss in India to fabricate brewing engineering means that in the hereafter Inbev could hold ownership of these engineerings at a much cheaper rate as compared to when bought in other markets. Location: There are a batch of location specific advantages for Inbev India International Private Limited. The Indian beer Industry is all set to heat up with the Indian market ‘s compound one-year growing rate ( CAGR ) of 6.7 % from 2002 to 2006. The beer market volume is set to lift to 1155 million litres by 2011 an addition of 37.4 % from 2006. North India is basking beer like ne'er earlier. During the first one-fourth of 2006, about 5 million instances of beer were sold in Punjab and Haryana as against 600,000 instances in Q1 of 2005-06. This was the instance because the authorities has revised its policy in these provinces and there is an betterment in the distribution channels in these countries. India is besides expected to go the 2nd largest beer market in Asia by 2020 merely after China. Thus all these factors along with India holding adjacent states like Nepal and Sri Lanka, where beer could be exported through India gives Inbev India a good Location advantage.A Inter nalization: Inbev India International Private Limited would desire to hold internalisation because over a period of clip it would lose out on a competitory border in the part if it merely sticks to exporting and non FDI investing. As other houses would come in and develop their substructure and distribution channel, therefore able to bring forth at with low costs. India besides is a immense potency market as mentioned earlier and Inbev would non desire to lose out on the chance it can supply. Besides since there is a batch of ruddy tapism and contractual jobs while exporting etc. It would be better to be in India instead than export. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mysensex.com ) The political construction of European brotherhood have different grouping s like European Union ( EU ) , NAFTA and ASEAN and this groupings are going extremely influential in international trade. In this instance the EU integrating represents non merely economic integrating spot besides political integrating. The chief EU political establishments can be summarized as follows council of curates is the highest law- doing authorization in the EU with executive authorization and ministerial representation from each member province. European committee is the chief legislative map. Headed by a president with appointed commissioners from the member provinces. European parliament is the chief representative organic structure but with limited law-making map and rank of each province is in proportion to the province ‘s population. Otther European tribunal of justness is composed of one justice per member province and its map is to guarantee that EU statute law is interpreted and applied in the some manner in each member province. This tribunal is the 1 of the ultimate and of import authorization in EU jurisprudence and there are many other establishments including tribunal of hearers, European ombudsmen and European information protection organic structure. The political hazard and its impact on international concern has been critical in modern concern. Political clime across the Earth makes difference in concern, the issues of democracy passage economic systems and regionalization? Basically it is to make with today ‘s political hazard to a concern. All organisation wants to run its foreign operation and bring forth in abroad market has to see the hazard of the host state. There is may states put on the line like political, economic, competitory and operational hazard job which can disrupt company ‘s internal and external events, the job created by political actions of authorities or political development of the part. Political instability is a serious job in states where political power is shared there are tensenesss within society and greater political stableness.the state which has political stableness it attracts the foreign investors and it increases foreign investing. And if there Is no political stableness it can tak e to serious effects for international concern. The political instability can originate due to factors like divisions in the society. Which are cultural differences and societal unfairness, menaces from terrorist act it can be internal and external every bit good for illustration D company in India and Al Qaeda universe broad, armed groups- such as subdivisions of the military, strong regional units -like Tamil Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams in Sri Lanka, Kashmir separationist in India, military authorities and factionalised political leading and this factors can do a immense impact on concern they can put on the line to stockholder valve which is sort of loss of capital and straight inability to repatriate dividends. This sort of can be raised during wars.and hence understanding political environment of the international market is truly of import for any organisation.they may be many states may look politically stable and good but they may be may political cultural issues in tha t states like corruptness so this has to considered before come ining the foreign land. The authorities policy and factors are influential on international concern and its activity and in peculiarly on the determinations of the international company that the company should run in the state or non. And the policy determinations which makes difference in concern and which company has to maintain in head while come ining are financial and pecuniary policy for eg: revenue enhancement like what is the revenue enhancement regulations in the state. what per centum of revenue enhancement the company has to pay, environmental policy like what are the regulations to be approve before company starts its industrial work, regional development policy which has to be followed eg- Pepsi promised Indian authorities that it traveling to develop the rural country in 1983, public assistance province policy for eg ; wellness, societal security, pensions, instruction eg: all the organisation in India has to make some educational development, agribusiness and nutrient policy, defence policy w hich critical and no state would compromise in it, in-migration policies, jurisprudence and order issues in society, wellness and safety issues and regulations in that authorities and its one of the major issue, employment policies like minimal rewards and age standards for illustration: Pepsi when launched in India in 1983 it promised Indian authorities that it will supply employment to Indian people and through this sort of proposal it made it easier for company to come in the Indian market. This shows us that political environment makes difference in international concern. We have noted that much of international concern today is on the states of the passage democracies and emerging universe. These states have tremendous chances for growing, but at the same clip they are confronting figure of political challenges. Political stableness or instability make a immense impact on international concern or foreign operation.

Barriers of Critical Thinking Essay

There are many barriers to critical thinking. Barriers can distort your thinking a great deal. The way we are raised by our parents when are children can determine our religion, our political views, the way we view the world, and ultimately shapes our thinking and who we are as individuals. Our upbringing shapes our fears, our self-concept, and also shapes our emotions. Barriers can range from family, friends, peer pressure, the media, and so many more. To become a successful critical thinker, you have to face yourself and be completely honest with yourself. You have to do this so you can figure out exactly which barriers personally shapes your thinking. There are many barriers to critical thinking. Barriers can distort your thinking a great deal. The way we are raised by our parents when we are children can determine our religion, our political views, the way we view the world, and ultimately shapes our thinking and who we are as individuals. Our upbringing shapes our fears, our self-concept, and also shapes our emotions. Barriers can range from family, friends, peer pressure, the media, and so many more. To become a successful critical thinker, you have to face yourself and be completely honest with yourself. You have to do this so you can figure out exactly which barriers personally shapes your thinking. some more specific barriers are enculturation, self-concepts, ego defenses, self-serving bias, emotional influences, and the list goes on! I am going to describe the three barriers that influence my personal thinking. Self- concept is one of my biggest personal barriers. Self- concept is the way we view ourselves. I view myself in a negative way. I do not think I’m smart or pretty, and I realize that the way that I view myself is really unhealthy. I also view myself as an Ohio State fan, the average student, a middle-class family, a Christian, an American, and someone who values honesty and respect. Traits, physi cal things, values, and affiliations define everyone, including me and form our self- concept. I know I defend these components as I would defend myself because these elements define who I am. Since these  things define who I am I do not think critically about them, my emotions get involved, and I begin to use ego-defence mechanisms, self-serving biases, and that begins to distort reality to make sure that I am comfortable and to make sure I am â€Å"right.† Emotional influences are another one of my personal barriers. I am a very emotional and passionate person. I also suffer from depression and anger issues. Emotions can cause a lot of problems for a lot of individuals in the world including myself. When trying to think critically emotions tend to cloud your head and begin to distort reality and influence your thoughts without you even realizing it. If I feel strong about an issue, I will defend it till I can not talk anymore. I am very stubborn and bullheaded. I am passionate towards many things, and I know that being passionate towards some people can end up hurting me in the long run. But passion and selfishness can blind your intelligence. Depression is a pe rsonal barrier that runs in my family. With depression I have a hard time looking at the bright side of any situation, some days are better than others. The negative always outweighs the positive in my eyes. Stress is the last of my personal barriers I am going to share with you. Too much stress can cause a lot of psychological or physical strain on your mind and body. Stress comes in many shapes and sizes. My main stress triggers are work, school, family issues, boyfriend, and there are many more. I know it sounds silly, but stress contributes between 60 to 80 percent of diseases. Stress can obstruct our ability to make decisions. When I am under stress I have a tendency to snap at people when I do not mean to, I tend to cry a lot, and those things stress me out more. I work with people with developmental disabilities, and it is stressful, but it has also taught me patience. I work full-time and go to school full time. My boyfriend is in the Marine Corps and is currently stationed in California. Having a long distance relationship is extremely stressful and hard. I can overcome this barrier by thinking critically is the issue worth debating about? Does this directly affect me or my well being? Is it worth getting upset about? Many of these elements do not directly affect me, so these elements are not worth debating. I deal with my depression by spending time with my family and the few friends I have. I like to listen to music and spend time with my boyfriend when I am feeling depressed. I can overcome these emotional  barriers by stepping back and looking at the bigger picture. When I feel like my emotions are getting out of hand, step back, breathe, think about the situation rationally before things get out of control. I am beginning to overcome stress by working out. I work out about five to six times a week. When I work out it feels as if the stress completely disappears, and I feel so much better inside and out. The gym has become my escape from all the stressors in my life.

Biography of Emmanuel Kant Essay Example for Free

Biography of Emmanuel Kant Essay Known by many in the field as the father of modern philosophy, Immanuel Kant questioned many of the assumptions held in his day. He focused much of his work on the realm of human thought, understanding, and potential. His ideas about observation, learning, and experientialism set the precedent for all philosophers who followed him. Born in the early 1720s, Kant lived in what was known as East Prussia (now a part of Kaliningrad, Russia). There, he was able to secure a teaching position for nearly ten years when he began working at Konigsberg University. He would remain a part of their staff for nearly five decades contributing to the rise and popularity of philosophy of the day. Not much more is known about Kant’s earlier life. He did go on to having several of his pieces published, although none were an exact autobiography. In his Critique of Pure Reason, he discussed and raised interesting points about human knowledge. Instrumental on Kant’s own ideas was the work of philosopher David Hume, who agreed that human experience could be used for understanding, but that it should not be used to explain every phenomena we encounter in nature or in the real world. Kant built upon this idea. He stated that new experiences could be formulated based on past experiences because it our past that helps us learn about our future. He believed that the human mind organized events and ideas into categories that could be accessed later to determine how we might react in a certain experience. He came up with the word to describe the paradox of understanding: noumena. Kant’s own arguments about the existence of God were also not well accepted at his time. He believed that man could not rationalize God because it was not something that we had experienced before. In other words, we might be able to attribute certain characteristics to Him, but it is ultimately limited by our own human understanding of the universe. In essence, we could never come close to truly understanding who God is and predict what He is going to do. |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |. Biography of Emmanuel Kant. (2016, Nov 16).

Financial Management Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial Management Principles - Essay Example As an international player, the company is also very aggressive in pursuing strategies to capture rapidly developing economies in Europe and Asia. As an investor, I believe that an investment in Dell will yield substantial profit. Its leadership position in the global information technology (IT) industry makes it very attractive to investors. The unique and innovative business model of Dell which eliminates wastage and significantly increases production efficiency gives it strong brand equity. This good reputation significantly bids up the price of its stock. Dell's efficiency contributes to profitability. Dell's stock is a good investment as reflected on its various financial ratios. Table 1 shows the financial ratios of Dell which is divided in four groups-profitability, leverage, activity, and efficiency. Based on Table 1, Dell shows superior profitability. The company's return on equity is 86.5 % which reveals that every dollar invested in the firm's stock will yields $.856 cents within a year. The company also generates a return on asset of 15.5% while gross margin accounts for 18.2% of the entire revenue. The company's profitability ratios reflect its efficient cost management. Dell is recognized as one of the most efficient companies in the IT industry.

Construction Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Construction Practice - Essay Example In different types of procurements, the level of risk that the owner has to bear also differs. The control of the owner over the entire project also differs with the change in the method of procurement. Considering the nature of the project and the specific requirements of the owner with, I would suggest the traditional method of procurement for the purpose of constructing the specified things in the old building as well as for the parking lot on the nearby plot. The traditional form of procurement involves the appointment of a separate design team direct by the client. The team will develop the design in accordance with the client's design brief, arrange for a tender and subsequently administer the contract on site. The design and all the specifications should be completed in all aspects before the tenders from contractors are invited so that the owner can exactly understand the design and could make the desired changes as per the needs. The designer, who is specialised in the designs of architectural conservation and adaptive reuse of buildings, shall be able to comprehend the design exercise in a better manner and would there fore be able to provide appropriate design solutions that suit the structural requirements as well as the taste of the existing building. Adaptive reuse of a building requires specialised knowledge and there fore proper solution could only be achieved by appropriate designer. Since the owner has specific design requirements for the parking lot in terms of its architectural character with reference to the old building, I also suggest that the building to be designed by a specified designer so that the owner can exercise greater control over the process of design in order to achieve the desired result. For the construction purpose, a separate contractor can employed by the owner by being in consultation with the architect, to execute the design work which is normally under a standard joint contracts tribunal form of contract. Therefore in this case, the contractor and the design team shall be two separate bodies that are hired by the owner, both of them responsible to the owner. Here it is expected that the contractor exactly follows the instructions of the architect and in other words it can also be said that the architect is acting on the client's behalf to get the job completed effectively. The contractor quotes a lump sum amount for which he agrees to carry out the entire job. This also gives the client a control over the total budget of the project because once the quote is finalised, the contractor assumes the total risk of financial expenditures that are incurred during the construction part. In case of other methods of procurement like 'design and build', he would have lesser control over the design part of the building because both the duties of designing and building are been performed by a single team. Also there are fewer chances that the design team, responsible for carrying out the design for newer developments, have good knowledge of redevelopment in terms of the structure and the architectural styles of the old buildings. Since there is no division of responsibilities for designing and construction on the site, it shall be comparatively challenging for the client to achieve the de

Giza Pyramids Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Giza Pyramids - Essay Example Theories of aliens having built the pyramids at Giza are far-fetched and have not been proved to date. These theories are sometimes advanced by well-known archaeologists like Abdel Gallad, but their theories often are based on conjectures and guesses that are unable to stand the test of rigorous academic work by other historians (Todd, 1993). They are often inspired by the sensational nature of researches that surround the pyramids and the conspiracy theories that surround them, accompanied by talk of the power of the dead pharaoh, which has been well-documented in popular culture through films and stories. There are however, theories that talk of the creation of the pyramids by human hands. Prominent among these is the theory that is put forward by Joseph Davidovits and Margie Morris, who talk of how the very idea of huge rocks having been hauled up could be wrong. They discuss the possibility of slurry being carried up to the heights of the pyramid and then poured into parts of it where it would solidify into the shape that was desirable. This theory tries to address the difficulty of lifting rocks to the incredible heights that the pyramids were constructed at (Morris, 1988). Andrzej Bochnacki proposes another theory that tries to explain the mystery of the pyramids.

Current Trends in Human Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Current Trends in Human Resources - Essay Example The senior teachers of the school are expected to proactively scan the environment and provide leadership for planning and managing organizational growth. At the same time, Human resource systems and processes are expected to enhance the effectiveness of learning process and develop leadership pipeline in the daily activities of school. Recruitment/selection, training/development, compensation, employee performance evaluation, reward systems and industrial relations are regarded as generic features of effective Human resource Management. With the increase of global job mobility, recruiting competent teacher is increasingly becoming difficult in the sector of education. Education Institute have a clear employment policy that emphasizes recruiting quality teachers in which case due importance is given to selection, but at the same time they also emphasize on providing training to upgrade the knowledge and skill of existing teachers in order to posses and retain their quality. Therefore by creating an enabling culture, schools are also required to work out a retention strategy for the existing skilled manpower. All of the schools had high expectations of the 45+ age group. In a number of cases this was simply a reflection of a very strong organizational culture which placed high expectations on everyone. In the cases where that was not so evident, the distinctive feature in common is that the schools have very positive attitudes to older teachers. Role of HR Managers is to implement the policies strategically to use the workforce skill sets and capabilities in order to exploit environmental opportunities and neutralize threats. This also includes the planning of innovation reward policy that recognizes contributions of older experienced teachers and their grant enhancements. At the same time, older teachers give training, develops the counseling programs to motivate the young teachers to improve their quality so as they remain in the field of teaching. The educati onal system should provide education that aims to benefit all those participating in it as well as society as a whole. The collective effort of senior teachers should increase the quality of education that will cater to the needs of local culture, the economy and a society based on knowledge and democratic principles, and ensures the right to education for all. The starting point for senior teachers is to define the content and activities which would contribute to the development of a better quality, more accessible, more flexible and effective system that would create intellectual and working human capital of junior teachers as the key asset. Recruitment and selection process should use the innovative techniques that include newspapers and internet so as to identify applicants with the necessary knowledge, skills and abilities and due importance is given to educational qualification and work experience. Various selection tools are used to assist in determining a person's personalit y, attitude and character in relation to the specifications that a position may require. The absolute necessity for the

Risk And Information Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Risk And Information - Assignment Example After critical analysis using the expected value criterion method, it was evident that project Y (8000) was best suited to increase the revenues as compared to project X (6000). The expected return of project Y is greater than that of project X. It was therefore decided that the club should invest the cash on starting a bookshop business because it tends to benefit the club more in terms of revenue increase. I am a risk lover, that’s why I’ll opt for option Y which has high risk (high probabilities) but high returns. Risk preference-the risk preference of an individual can cause the change in the probabilities. Risk averse individuals will always prefer low probabilities (low risk but low returns) when making decisions while risk loving individuals will go for high probabilities (high risk but high returns). Therefore, if an individual change his/her risk preferences the probabilities will change. Risk premium- this is the difference between the expected value of returns and the sure thing such that the decision maker is indifferent between the returns and the sure thing. The higher the variance of the returns the larger the risk premium hence the higher the

Response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 15

Response paper - Essay Example She, therefore, brings about a difference in all the companies she works. In this aspect, she has been referred to as a go-getter as she usually feels reader for any opportunity that is presented before her. As the Levendary cafà © wishes to move its operation to China, it is important for her as the Chief Executive Officer to realize that China is a different country with a different culture than that of America. She does it well by studying the cafes that operate in china (Bartlett and Han). She should manage Louis Chen, who is the compatriot manager in China and the company’s subsidiary in China using the same framework. The only changes she should make is to incorporate the cultural foods that are popular in china and offer some management thoughts to the indigenous people. These changes will help subsidiary cafes to grow fast in China since they will feel Levendary becomes part of Chinese

Happy Feelings Essay Example for Free

Happy Feelings Essay Happiness is something that does normally come to everyone in one way shape or form. Happiness is not something that just comes, it’s something that you create. In a person’s life if you are waiting on something to change in order to be happy, then you’re not living life. When you adopt a positive attitude, life becomes a rewarding instead of something to get through. If you wish to be happy, you have to be less involved in your own happiness and more involved in the happiness of others. Make others happy and you become happy as a result. Involve yourself totally, throw yourself into what you are doing in life, and happiness will result. If you are compromising, i.e. doing something you hate as a means to an end so that good will result one fine day, STOP! Begin to do more of what you love now and let that grow until it fills your life. Then happiness will be yours, and you will be better able to bring happiness to the world, (Asoka Selvarajah). We look for happiness outside ourselves, thinking that if we and the right job, homes , and the right friends we would be truly happy. All our life we have tried to surround ourselves with people and things that make us feel comfortable. A step in seeking happiness is learning that we first have to learn how negative emotions are not helpful and positive emotions are helpful. †We must also realize that these negative emotions are not only very bad and harmful to one personally, but are also harmful to society and the future of the whole world, (Dalai Lama). The Dalai Lama believes that happiness is a state of mind is the source of happiness must lie within the mind. If our mind is pure and peaceful we shall be happy, regardless of our external changes. Dalai Lama believes that happiness is achieved through compassion and training the mind. To achieve happiness begins with distinguishing between spirituality and religion. To have a spiritual portion in your life, you will appreciate the happiness in your life. My first subject I chose was Jennifer Aldred, She is a close friend and someone that I recently began dating. Jennifer is 33 years old and holds a degree in Computer Science. Jennifer is employed at the Chick-fil-a Corporate Office as an Administrative Communications Assistant. The questions I had presented to Jennifer were as follows: 1. What is your definition of Happiness? 2. Has your definition of happiness changed over time? 3. What experiences have influenced your definition? 4. Do you expect your definition to change again over time? 5. Do you think the happiness of other around you affect your happiness? 1. Happiness is a relative-term that is based off of the levels of serotonin in the body. â€Å"I have a science background; what can I say.† 2. My definition of happiness has only changed slightly over time; more dramatically from childhood into adulthood. As a child, happiness was more about receiving a material gift. Now, as an adult, time is more valuable to me. And, being able to spend time with my peers gives me that same sense of happiness as when I was a child and my parents would give me a new toy. Of course, most of our basic needs such as food, shelter, love and peer bonding have continued to make me happy over time. As we age, the definition of happiness will mature as with our lives. 3. Looking into the past, I associate key events (birthdays, being able to drive for the first time, the birth of my friend’s children, getting married, vacations, etc.) with my happiness. Currently, I am very content with where I am in life so there for each day is filled with an undertone of happiness. Contentment = happiness. 4. I completely expect my definition of happiness to change again. As I progress into different stages of my life, whatever is most valuable to me will become my greatest source of happiness. 5. Yes, the happiness of others directly affects my happiness. My second subject I chose was Kristie Thompson, She is a work associate and is an Executive Assistant and holds a Master’s Degree in Business Administration. Kristie is employed at the Chick-fil-a Corporate Office. The questions I had presented to Kristie were as follows: 1. What is your definition of Happiness? 2. Has your definition of happiness changed over time? 3. What experiences have influenced your definition? 4. Do you expect your definition to change again over time? 5. Do you think the happiness of other around you affect your happiness? 1. Happiness is defined as following the path that God has lead out for you and being in His will. Only when you are doing what God has called you to do can you really be happy. It is knowing that I am doing what He created me to do regardless. 2. Happiness has changed as Ive matured, as a kid, happiness was the next big present received or achievement for parents to be proud of you. As an adult, happiness is rarely about you or your achievement. 3. As a Christian, everything is influenced by what I learn in the Bible and my life experiences, whether good or bad, just support that. 4. No, I believe that I’m am pretty set in my ways. I have my family, home and everything that I need. I’m 38 years old and believe I have found I am pretty set in my ways in what I like and don’t like. 5. The happiness of others around me may impact my mood, but not my true happiness. I’m not going let other bring me down. I can say I have brief moments of happiness, for example when my children accomplish something, but don’t overall affect my overall happiness. www.cedarfire.com/art.word-asoka.shtml Richardson, Hugh E. (1984). Tibet Its History. 1st edition 1962. 2nd edition

Post Op Protection Helmet Project Health And Social Care Essay

Post Op Protection Helmet Project Health And Social Care Essay Introduction Most of the patients who had undergone any major head surgery will require an effective protection of their wound. After surgery, some patients especially post-traumatic injury have a high risk of falling due to neurological impairments, weakness, post-op seizures and agitation or confusion and re-injure their head. This is more important if part of the patients skull is removed (craniectomy). Appropriate protective headwear during the acute period post-op can be worn and reduce the chance of injury. While effective protection for the head and face is a priority for these individuals, headwear should also provide unobstructed vision and adequate ventilation, lightweight, cosmetically acceptable and reasonably priced. Providing effective headwear is a problem for many orthotists and the rehabilitation team taking care of individuals who have a high risk of head injury following a fall. Parents, caregivers and clinicians usually opt to use commercial sports helmets or other types of ad justable off-the-shelf headwear. Although commercial helmets are adaptable and relatively inexpensive, a number of features make them generally unsuitable for the disabled population post-operation. The main idea for this protection helmet is to provide a comfortable wear for the patient and reduce risk of injuring the head and wound during inpatient period. In other way, the design should be able to minimize the impact to the head if a fall or knock occurs. Chapter 2: LITERITURE RIVIEW Human brain can withstand 300 to 400 G of impact without either concussion or skull fracture, provided that there is no local deformation of the skull to inflict direct injury. Patients sometimes ha head surgery that needed to remove some part of their skull. This will make impact that brain can withstand lower than original. Thus, the helmet protection for post operative will be needed. 2.1 Review Journal According to Understanding Head Neck Trauma by Tony Pan Sanfelipo, the impact that head can withstand is vary from the location that the forces is being exerted. The frontal bone (forehead) can withstand on average, 1,000 to 1,600 pounds of force. The temporo-parietal (sides of head) bones can tolerate around 700 to 1,900 pounds of force. The back of the skull can handle around 1,440 pounds of force. The bones of the face and cheek are less tolerant, standing forces of only 280 to 520 pounds. From this, we can see that the impact that head can withstand is differ from the impact that brain can withstand. Skull is a very strong bone in our skeletal system. But, caution step also needed to be done especially after the head operation. According to the Journal of Prosthetic and Orthotic entitled The Use of Postoperative Cranial Orthoses in the Management of Craniosynostosis by William J. Barringer, head helmet or cranial orthoses was being widely used in child rehabilitation after having a head surgery of the problem craniosynostosis that is a condition for cranial deformity that can be directly related to the premature closure of cranial sutures. According to the writer, the cause of the problem is still unknown. While in the other Journal of Prosthetic and Orthotic entitled An Overview of Positional Plagiocephaly and Cranial Remolding Orthoses by Deanna Fish and Dulcey Lima, said that plagiocephaly is a condition of abnormalities of baby head due to pre-natal and post-natal forces exerted to the head of the baby makes the baby head look weird. The causes of these problem are varied like the head could be shape like that before birth (that is still in the womb), the position of the baby during sleep that make some deformation force, the premature birth of the baby and maybe the supine position of the baby during daytime also can cause this problem. Both of these problems involve head remodification. For plagioencephaly, the method to remodel back the head is by using a head helmet or cranial remolding orthoses. It was being called Cranial remolding techniques. This technique was being applied by cover all the areas that need to be curb by a material and allows space in areas where growth is to be encouraged to promote the desired head shape. The material being used to cover the head is often built like head helmet but not as thick as the normal helmet. The example of the material is polypropylene. While craniosynostotis involved head surgery to shape back their head. Often also used as a treatment after the surgery is the head orthoses. According to William J. Barringer, the patient that used the orthoses after the surgery more likely to have the shape of the head almost regained normal. According to the author, based on the survey that he had made, he concluded that many advantages that the patient can get by putting on these ortoses after head surgey for craniosnostotis patients like it appears that orthoses can be used to extend the correction gained in surgery or to protect against regression to the presurgical deformit. It is also apparent that age, severity of deformity, type of deformity, surgical procedure, physician preference, and bone healing play important roles in determining the overall outcome and decision-making. According to the author also, there are many ways, material and shape of the head orthoses can be made. An example is a head orthoses that using bends materials that attach the part together. While the authors for the An Overview of Positional Plagiocephaly and Cranial Remolding Orthoses article said that many different orthotic designs have been developed during the last 20 years to effectively address this patient population. Whether the design is active or passive in nature, rigid or flexible, hinged or circumferential, the basic principle of all cranial remolding orthoses is to create a pathway for symmetrical growth to occur. The authors also quoted that there are several ways to make the cranial orthoses. A cast or three-dimensional image of the infants head is acquired. The model is modified to full or partial symmetry, depending upon the severity of the condition, design of the orthoses, and protocols of the treating orthotist. Mild and moderate asymmetries may be modified to full symmetry while severe deformations may require progressive adjustments to the inner surface of the orthoses to obtain full symmetry throughout the course of the treatment program. Orthot ic designs including chinstraps are likely to be less intimate at the initial fitting, allowing for normal growth to follow the internal contours of the orthoses. To date, there is no evidence that any one orthotic design provides better outcomes than another. Symmetrical growth is achieved by consistent evaluation and adjustments to the orthoses based upon the childs head shape and growth patterns. Translational movements of the cranial bones are to be expected and frequent evaluation will ensure total contact over prominent areas and provide areas of relief over depressed areas. Circumferential growth is accommodated by the removal or recontouring of material and additional material may be strategically added to provide total contact and to stabilize the orthoses on the infants head. It is extremely important for the orthoses to be thoroughly cleaned each day to prevent bacterial build-up and problems with scalp rashes. Air holes are commonly added to help dissipate heat as well a s to assist in the evaluation of the fit of the cranium to the inner surface of the orthoses. Due to its functional as regain head shape, the cranial orthoses model had to be some sort of medical device that should not affect the patient in bad ways. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has certain aspect that cranial remodeling orthoses and other medical device manufacturer had to pass before patients can used their model in United State of America. To obtain clearance, manufacturers are required to explain the design of the product(s), how they are intended to work, and how they are manufactured. They are also required to describe the treatment protocols, provide appropriate labeling, and market the devices for only approved uses. All manufacturers must undergo regular FDA audits of their facilities and must comply with the Medical Device Reporting requirements to report any device failure that could lead to serious injury or death. This is being taken from Journal of Prosthetic and Orthotic entitled FDA Regulation of Cranial Remodeling Devices by Timothy R. Littlefi eld. 2.2 Disadvantages of The Older Design While cranial remolding orthoses is for children, others research had been done to make cranial orthoses for needed patient after head surgery whether the patients is children or adults. The design should be lightweight, effective and protect the head better. According to Journal of Prosthetic and Orthotic entitled Development of a Modular Design, Custom-Fitted Protective Helmet by Steve Ryan,Greg Belbin, Mendal Slack, Stephen Naumann and Rod Moran, stated that the new design by them trough this project should be assign because there are many disadvantages of the already have design like: Commercial helmets protect the cranium but leave the facial area, particularly the chin and oral structure, vulnerable. Commercial face shields could provide the extra protection, but they may impede vision and add to a caged in feeling. In addition, because of a face shields remote placement, it could contribute to neck injury if caught on a stationary object during a fall. Usually commercial helmets are designed with ventilation slots and liner cooling paths, which are conduits for forced air movement through the helmet. Cooling occurs as the wearer moves. This form of ventilation is inefficient for the disabled population since, for the most part, they move at or below normal walking speed. Suspension in commercial headwear is provided primarily by a chin cup attached to the helmet by straps, which are tightened to prevent helmet movement. Constant pressure applied to the chin could lead to orthodontic problems, particularly in the growing child. Because of these, they proposed new design for the cranial orthoses. Their design is mainly focused of three parts of the head that are anterior section, posterior section and chin protector. Each part are fabricated from polyethylene foam with the exterior is hard polyethylene while the anterior is low-density polyethylene foam. They fabricate the orthoses and made a survey of it. The result from the survey is the research helmet was found to be an orthotic device that could be readily dispensed in a clinical setting in one appointment. On average, it required two hours to measure, evaluate and fit a subject. The project orthotists felt that, with experience, the helmet could be fitted in less than two hours except in cases where special modifications were required. The orthotists remarked on the ease with which they could dispense the helmet using the specially designed jigs and fixtures provided. No major technical problems or mechanical failures were identified during the helmets post-trial evaluation. This is being sited on their article. 2.3 Summary Last but not least, we proposed the title of our clinical project Post-OP Protection Helmet to help patients head after surgery minimize the risk of reinjuring their head due to possible fall during acute period. Several factors like Post-traumatic, seizure, confusion, agitation and imbalance can lead to knocking their head accidently at the skull defect site. With this device, patient can protect their head especially. For our design, we applied the basic concepts of engineering like the concepts of energy absorption and load distribution and also biomechanics application. Chapter 3: Methodology 3.1 Technique used There are two ways of technique we performed our task. Firstly, we used AutoCAD Engineering software to design the shape of the helmet. We used this software because it can perform the shape clearly and make the 3D dimension. We have to consider the convenience and the cosmetically acceptable criteria during the design process. Next, we do the research on the materials for protection helmet which will be manufacture. We had referred to the journals and related reference books. The material must satisfy the ASTM standard, such as tensile strength, abrasive resistance, young modulus and others. In addition, the material should easily fabricate and lower cost. The method we use to build the outer shell is plastic injection molding, this method is use the plastic from pellets or granules and heat it until melt. Then we push the melt into a split-die mold where can cool it at the shape design. Finally we open the mold and take out the part, the cycle is repeating. The wall thickness is a important key to use under this method, because the thick wall will take more time to cool and it will have greater the shrinking , but if the wall is thin so it will cool faster, the less shrinking. And we will use a drilling machine to make some hole to let the air can float out from the protective helmet. For the data collection, we compare mechanical properties, physical properties, thermal properties and chemical resistance between several polymers. From the comparing, we had chosen the polycarbonate as the outer surface of the POST-OP Protection Helmet because they are easily worked, moulded, thermoformed and good in mechanical properties. However, for the inner padding, we choose EVA (Ethylene vinyl acetate) because light weight, easy to mould, odorless, glossy finish, and cheaper compared to natural rubber. It is good for deceleration impact energy. 3.2 Properties of the Material Properties of the outer shell Density 0.0397-0.0484 lb/in3 Water Absorption 0.05-0.7 % Hardness, Rockwell R 108-122 Tensile Strength, Ultimate 5800-12500 psi Charpy Impact 20.5-37.6 ft-lb/in2 Oxygen Index 21-34% Processing Temperature 473-585 °F Table 3.1 Properties of the inner padding Specific Density 0.93 TENSILE STRENGTH (psi) 2000 COMPRESSION STRENGTH (psi) 1450 IMPACT (IZOD ft. lbs/in) NB HARDNESS R40 Table 3.2 Figure 3.1 Plastic injection molding machine The material we choose to use for the outer shell is Polycarbonate Resin Thermoplastic 3414(40%GF). The properties of the material below this table: Youngs modulus, psi Shear modulus, psi Mass density,lb/in3 Thermal exp coef, 1in/in/F Ultimate tensile,psi 1400000 319000 0.05495 9.30E-06 27000 Ultimate compressive, psi Ultimate shear,psi Thermal conductivity, Btuin/hrft2F Specific heat,Btu/lb/F 21000 11000 1.53 0.25 Table 3.3 This material has good conductivity compare to other material like Polycarbonate Resin Thermoplastic 3413 (30%GF). So we choose this material. 3.3 The Design of the Protection Helmet Figure 3.2: Top view sutures Figure 3.3: Side view sutures From the picture above, that was several type of wound, the design of the protective helmet should not contact with the wound part and provide ventilation for air circulation to faster the wound healing. The special of our design is the professionals working with patients needing head coverage after surgery can place positioning pads around the inside of the clear shell. In an area of recent surgery example, pads would be place around a wound or surgical site to keep helmet shell elevated and away from the affected area. Clear polycarbonate shell, edged with soft foam is then lined with self adhesive foam pads in various thicknesses, and ventilation holes are added. Suggestions for placement of the pads are included with the helmet. The helmet is made from thermoplastics polymer material that lightweight, lower cost, and has many high mechanical properties. The benefit of the transparent outer shell design is allows better supervision of the underlying wound and skull defect. The mat erial is crucial factor to this helmet because patient with head surgery need something that can feel very comfortable to their head. Material with least dense with be an awesome choice for them. The helmet also needs to have good mechanical properties to increase wear resistance. The helmet should be not has low strength and low hardness. The needed for these higher mechanical properties is to give protection of the head of the patients in abrasive environment. We should know that patients can be very stressful and lost control after a major head surgery. This is especially true in traumatic brain injury patients. They can bang their head to walls and the helmet should resist the forces from the banging in order to protect the head. So, in overall, the both material for inner and outer parts of the helmet were made from a very good mechanical properties polymers. Chapter 4: Result 4.1 Physical Architecture The design and chosen material was refer to functional, reliable, safety and costly. As we approached the data technique given by the ASTM standard this outcomes design would give very important benefits to us. Besides that, this most suitable material is to reduce the percentage of injury by the patient. The design we come out also very important, the outer surface material is hard, and the inner is comfortable and can absorb the high impact. The outer surface of the protection helmet using clear polycarbonate shell is easily to fabricate by the engineers. This outer surface gives the superior safety effectiveness to the patient. Figure 4.1 : Feature of Post-OP Protection Helmet Design 4.2 Logical Architecture From this post-Op helmet, the patient should refer by their doctor what kind of shape or where to put the EVA (Ethylene vinyl acetate) for inner surface on helmet as not to contact with the wound. The inner surface had a hollow part to avoid contact to the wound. The ventilations on the outer helmet help the air going in to contact the surface wound. This would help the wound healing more fasters. This also makes the patient head not feel hot and trapped with unwanted air thus make the heads skin get irritated. On the other hand, this helmet will give the amazing comfort, rugged durability, lightweight safety and stay-put in custom fit. The helmet would work great for patients post-surgery and the compliance is would be wonderful. CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION Our design has many benefits to post-surgery patient throughout the world based on the advantages like: The helmet is made from thermoplastics polymer material that lightweight, lower cost, and has many high mechanical properties. The material is crucial factor to this helmet because patient with head surgery need something that can feel very comfortable to their head. Material with least dense with be an awesome choice for them. The helmet also needs to have good mechanical properties to increase wear resistance. The helmet should be not has low strength and low hardness. The needed for these higher mechanical properties is to give protection of the head of the patients in abrasive environmentWe should know that patients can be very stressful and lost control after a major head surgery. This is especially true in traumatic brain injury patients. They can bang their head to walls and the helmet should resist the forces from the banging in order to protect the head. So, in overall, the both material for inner and outer parts of the helmet were made from a very good mechanical properties polymers. The design of the helmet also makes a very good properties and advantage for the patient. The design of the helmet is ventilation, cosmetic acceptable and functional. It views same shape as our human head shape. So that, the patient can proceeds their normal life without . Strap was adjustable, in case of emergency, the strap can be easily remove and unlock. At the ear part, the part was uncover, so it was convenience to hearing and very comfortable. CHAPTER 6: Discussion The Post -op protection helmet is use to protect the patient from head injury after head surgery. Some of these have a high risk of falling due to multiple medical complication post op. Re-bleeding is the major complication and can cause further neurological deterioration. When the helmet collide something, inside the protective helmet have EVA (Ethylene vinyl acetate), it will absorb the energy produce from the collision and the EVA can increase the time between head and the outer shell collision, so the energy will hit the helmet will decrease and can protect the head from the injury. And the outer shell will have some holes so inside the protective helmet will ventilate and the patient will feel more fresh and comfortable. The outer shell is colour less is because like can let other people easily to know the head condition, so can confirm inside the protective helmet is safe. CHAPTER 7 : BIBILOGRAPHY: Barringer, William J. (2004). The Use of Postoperative Cranial Orthoses in the Management of Craniosynostosis. Journal of Prosthetic and Orthotic, 4S(16), 56-58. Retrieved September 9, 2009 from http://www.oandp.org/jpo/library/2004_04S_056.asp Fish, D. Lima, D. (2003). An Overview of Positional Plagiocephaly and Cranial Remolding Orthoses. Journal of Prosthetic and Orthotic, 2(15), 37-47. Retrieved September 9, 2009 from http:// www. oandp.org/jpo/library/2003_02_037.asp Ryan, S., Belbin,G., Slack,M., Naumann, S., Moran, D. (1992). Development of a Modular Design, Custom-Fitted Protective Helmet. Journal of Prosthetic and Orthotic, 4(4), 213-218. Retrieved September 9, 2009 from http://www.oandp.org/ jpo/library/1992_04_213.asp CHAPTER 8: Rehabilitation Medicine Unit 8.1 History The Department of Rehabilitation Medicine started as a section of the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery in 1965 under the headship of Professor Dr. J.F. Silva. Services provided were general physiotherapy, general occupational therapy and orthopaedic appliances service. The return of UMs pioneer Rehabilitation Physician from University of London in 1984, Dr. Zaliha Omar became a starting point for the development of rehabilitation services in the UMMC as well as in Malaysia. The first service to be introduced was the Rehabilitation Medicine consultation service which provided expert consultations in the fields of general rehabilitation. In addition, Rehabilitation Medicine was introduced as a subject in the undergraduate medical curriculum in 1984. In May 1995, the need to start Masters in Rehabilitation Medicine and Masters in Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine necessitated the shift of the rehabilitation section, from the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery to the Department of Allied Health Sciences and known as the Rehabilitation Sciences Unit. The Department of Allied Health Sciences then comprised of 2 units ie the Biomedical Science Unit and the Nursing Sciences Unit. By then, the scope of rehabilitation services along with the advancement in technology and increasing patient demand; saw a paradigm shift from being a general rehabilitation service provider to a specialized rehabilitation medicine service provider which emphasized on a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary team approach. The first such service to be introduced was the Neuromedical Rehabilitation Service in 1991. This was followed by Spinal Rehabilitation (1992), Upper Limb and Hand Rehabilitation (1992) and Burns Rehabilitation (1992). The unit then went on to develop other specialised services and continue to upgrade existing services. These include Paediatric Neurodevelopmental Rehabilitation (1995), Prosthetic Orthotic Management Service, Wheelchair Management Service (1995), Amputee Rehabilitation (1996), Sports Rehabilitation (1998), Work Rehabilitation (1998), Wound Management and Diabetic Footcare (1998), Geriatric Rehabilitation (1999), Alternative Approaches to Rehabilitation Medicine (Acupuncture Service) in 1999, Neurosurgical Rehabilitation (2002), Womens Health (2002), Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation (2003) and Cardiac Rehabilitation (2006). The Rehabilitation Sciences Unit of the Department of Allied Health Sciences under the headship of Assoc Prof Dr. Zaliha Omar initiated 2 very important academic programmes in the country namely the Master of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation in 1996 and Master of Rehabilitation Medicine in 1997. The early days of conducting 2 new programmes in relatively unknown fields posed numerous challenges but the unit received excellent support from various parties; other departments within the faculty as well as from the international arena.   One of the valuable contributions was from Professor Balasubramaniam from the National University of Singapore who was previously Head of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya from 1979 1982. Professor Bala was appointed Visiting Professor to the unit from 1997 to 2000 and as Chair for Tun Siti Hasmahs Chair for Rehabilitation and Sport Medicine from 2000 until 2003. The Rehabilitation Medicine Unit was also very fortunate to have collaboration with the University of Melbourne and 13 of its trainees underwent elective training of 6 to 12 months in Melbourne, Australia in various fields in rehabilitation medicine as part of the 4 year masters programme. The Rehabilitation Sciences Unit produced its first graduates in 2001, and to date have produced 17 rehabilitation physicians in Malaysia. The unit has also grown, from a one-man show ie Assoc Prof Dr. Zaliha Omar in the 80s and later in 1994 joined by Dr. Tunku Nor Taayah Tunku Zubir who left in 2001, it now has 6 academic staff and 1 trainee lecturer. The year 2005 saw the retirement of UMs as well as Malaysias rehabilitation medicine icon, Assoc Prof Dato Dr. Zaliha Omar from the academic arena. However she still generously contributes her time to teaching and clinical work in UMMC as a visiting consultant. Current and Future Developments With the progress and expansion of the unit in both the academic and clinical fields, the Rehabilitation Sciences Unit put up a proposal in 2006 for the formation of the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, a clinical department which is involved in teaching, clinical service and research. With the formation of the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and the formalization of the merger of its academic (FOM) and clinical services (UMMC) it is hoped that the field of Rehabilitation Medicine and its multidisciplinary components is better understood and its image and function more prominent. Apart from strengthening and optimizing current clinical services, the department also plans to introduce new services as well as collaborate with other departments in the areas of vestibular rehabilitation, pulmonary rehabilitation, chronic pain management, rheumatological rehabilitation, lymphoedema management service and others. As rehabilitation medicine is a multidisciplinary discipline, the department has put in its long-term planning, academic programmes in the areas of Prosthetics and Orthotics (in collaboration with Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya), Occupational Therapy, Physiotherapy and other related fields. The department currently has 20 trainees in rehabilitation medicine who go through a 4 year clinical master programme which also incorporates a research component. With the expansion of clinical services and the increasing number of trainees in the Master of Rehabilitation Medicine programme, the department is constantly reinforcing its faculty and other staff members. The department is also very fortunate to be identified for further development in the form of a one-stop comprehensive rehabilitation medicine complex in the 9th Malaysia Plan. 8.2 Introduction of Department of Rehabilitation Medicine The Department of Rehabilitation Medicine was formed as part of the overall development of Faculty of Medicine and University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur for the purpose of providing clinical services in rehabilitation medicine and to provide training in the various fields of rehabilitation medicine. Apart from providing a comprehensive rehabilitation medicine service involving Rehabilitation Physicians, Medical Trainees in Rehabilitation Medicine, Physiotherapists, Occupational Therapists, Nurses and Medical Social Workers, the department is actively involved in the education of Undergraduate and Postgraduate Medical Trainees, Undergraduate Nursing Students, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy Students from the Ministry of Health, MARA University of Technology as well as private academic institutions. Continuing Professional Development of our multidisciplinary team members is a regular activity of the department. Updates in Medical Rehabilitation are organised regularly for our staff as well as relevant parties from outside the UMMC. All categories of staff have ample opportunity to participate in their respective professional development through conferences as well as courses locally and internationally. 8.4 Vision The vision of the department is to become the centre of excellence in activities for the provision of services, education, training and research in rehabilitation medicine and in all associated specialities. 8.5 Mission The Rehabilitation Medicine Unit practices multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary team approach for patient management and demand a comprehensive and a holistic care based on the individual needs of a patient. The department also considers its mission to be the centre for continuing education, training and maintenance of professional standards for Doctors and Health Professionals of various specialities associated with rehabilitation medicine. To play a catalystic role in research and development of rehabilitation medicine in University of Malaya and the country. 8.6 Services 8.61 Clinical Services There includes: General Services, Rehabilitation Medicine Consultation, Physiotherapy, Occupational Therapy and Wheelchair Management Service 8.62 Specialized Services There includes: Specialty Clinics Rehabilitation Medicine Consultation Neuro-surgical Rehabilitation Neuro-medical Rehabilitation Diabetic Footcare and Wound Management Consultation Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation Amputee Rehabilitation Paediatric Neurodevelopmental Rehabilitation Geriatric Rehabilitation Sports Rehabilitation Upper Limb and Hand Rehabilitation Burns Rehabilitation Diabetic Footcare and Wound Management Orthotics and Prosthetics Pre-Driving Assessment Work Resettlement Psychosocial Rehabilitation Swallowing Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Scoliosis Womens Health Cardiac Rehabilitation Wheelchair Seating Clinic Vestibular Rehabilitation 8.7 Support Group Activities Apart from providing the core rehabilitation services, the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine is also involved in co-ordinating various activities such as the following

Illegal Immigrants and Criminals Essay -- students, education, famil

With the need of workers with a high dreger who can we be letting people with the education and patient not work. Why do so may find the need to keep the american dream out the reach of many who worked hard for it. The story of so many high school student not be able to attend the school of their dream because they are not ligalal. This is a story I hear often one of a student who has worked so hard and has been able to get good grades be the first in their family to graduates and have no where to go. Some do make it to college, community college that is where they have to work and study because they don't get the help they deserve. There are so many opsicale for students that are labeled illegal, undocumented,and AB540 all words to describe a person without a social security number. The story of families who come to the US illegally with young children looking for a better future, a life with opportunities, the goal is to have the best for their children. Have your children graduate at top of their classes as well as ably and willingness to do something with their lives. The idea that your parents risked it all for nothing is many teens are forced to face this problem when it comes to college and job applications beuces of the fact that they have no social security number. The idea that it is illegal to come to the usa for a dream and be deported when you are close to your goal because you chose to speak up, you chose to sharker your experts to help other while endangering your own future. To me it makes no sense, but as a mexican american I feel that this problem is my own. I may be a citizen but seeing that my neighborhood are being put down because we are good for nothing and do anything for the community.We are seen as a... ...ed as criminals in order to get them out of the country.The fac that families are getting separated should be a wake up call to the house of representatives to what to make the suffering stop. The long waits and the unknowing is what take it toll on people and can affect the youngest of the family. I feel that people now more than ever have the power to fight for what they want, it is not going to be easy, but the fact that many have tried has gatten us this far. The need for educated people to better the economic is a great one but we are not taking advantage of what we have, which is all the immigrant college graduates that can use their degrees and not have to work in job where they are treated unfairly and have no need for their major. All the work that is put into their futures by their family is gone to waste because they are unable accomplish their goals.

National Debt :: Economy Economics Argumentative Papers

National Debt The national debt has always been a major concern of the american public, whether they truely know what it is all about or not. What most people do know is that the debt that our country has is continualy growing faster and faster at an unbelievable rate, toan amount that many of us can not even imagine. The national debt and it's problem has been an on going issue in today's headlines, and each president is faced with this buring problem. President Clinton tried to install a balanced budget plan during his current term in office, however it lost 99-1. Althought the public was not able to vote on this plan directly, we, or at least I have an opinion concerning the issue. I personally believe that the fact that our nation is constantly growing more in debt by the minute is a major problem. Although that techincally we do not have to pay it, is not the point. What is the point is that we are a nation that is in debt. According to reports, since 1981, our national debt has grown faster than our economy has, which to me seems to be a problem. If this debt was to be spread out among the people it would be more than the average american would be able to pay. We therefore, need some sort of policy that wouldeventurally cut our national debt to some reasonable amount. A new policy would help by lowering the currentinterest rates, which in turn would allow for moreinvestment to occur. This would raise our real GNP of the economy. This increse in investment would also increase our national savings as well, which would lead to an increase in the national income average of our nation's average families. Considering the amount of our debt, this healing process needs to be done over a long period of time. According to research, if done to quickly it would only hurt the current economy. If we are going to cut the governmental sevices it will need to be done in small doses. This will enable the average american to respond and prepare for the cuts. That way the american will not be hit as hard by the governmental cuts if they are prepared, and the effects will not be as harsh.

Teaching Philosophy Statement Essay -- Education Teaching Teachers Ess

Teaching Philosophy Statement â€Å"Teaching is not a profession; it’s a passion. Without passion for your subject and a desire for your students to learn and be the best in the world, then we have failed as a teacher and failure is not an option.† –John F. Podojil. In my opinion, this quotation is very true. If you do not have the passion to teach your students what is right in the world and what makes them be the best they can be, then you are not really teaching your students or you have failed and failure is not an option. I want to not only teach my students important subject manner but be an inspiration to my students as well. I want to be the teacher that students will come back to in ten or fifteen years and say, â€Å"You have inspired me in more ways than one. Not only did you inspire me to be a better person, but you inspired me to do better academically as well.† This is when I know for sure that I have made a difference in a child’s life. If I can have an impact on one child’s life, then I feel that I have fulfilled my duties as a teacher. One of the major influences that pushed me towards a career in teaching is that that I will impact a child’s life in more than one way. As a student’s teacher you are their role model and I feel that I will make a very acceptable role model to most if not all of my students. I have talked to my past teachers about the â€Å"role model† topic. Most people find it odd that I do not want to teach higher grades; such as a high school class for instance, just because of the fact that not many males want to teach in the early elementary grades. I feel that as a teacher I will be a father figure to the boys and girls in the classroom that are from single mother... ...duty not to wait for someone else to help change the world, one person at a time. Students are the world’s future and how we influence our students will impact the world as we know it forever. From my standpoint, we can have a bunch of people grow up to be criminals or we can have most of our population become good citizens just by teaching them the difference between what is right and wrong in our world and society today. Teaching is not just standing up in front of a classroom full of students and teaching them a pre-planned lesson plan; you’re influencing the way they feel about themselves and the world. One of my teachers had a magnet on her desk that said, â€Å"Teachers make a world of difference!† I feel this quotation is right; teachers do make a world of difference and I have seen it happen in classrooms here and throughout the world; I plan to do the same.

Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale Essay

Figurative language was used by Margaret Atwood, through the persona of Offred, to illustrate The Handmaid’s Tale. Figurative Language consists of similes, metaphors, personification, alliteration, onomatopoeia, hyperbole and idioms. First, figurative language can be used to describe different settings. 1. Offred’s experience at night in her bedroom â€Å"The heat at night is worse than the heat in daytime. Even with the fan on, nothing moves, and the walls store up warmth, give it out like a used oven. Surely it will rain soon. Why do I want it? It will only mean more dampness. There’s lightning far away but no thunder. Looking out the window I can see it, a glimmer, like the phosphorescence you get in stirred seawater, behind the sky, which is overcast and too low and a dull gray infrared. The searchlights are off, which is not usual. A power failure. Or else Serena Joy has arranged it.† (Pg. 243) * Similes * Described the environment * Room: Glimmer in the window, like stirred seawater * Heat: Used oven * Weather: Lightning but no thunder 2. Offred describing the Particicution of a man convicted of rape â€Å"There’s a surge forward, like a crowd at a rock concert in the former time, when the doors opened, that urgency coming like a wave through us. The air is bright with adrenaline, we are permitted anything and this is freedom, in my body also, I’m reeling, red spreads everywhere, but before that tide of cloth and bodies hits him Ofglen is shoving through the women in front of us, propelling herself with her elbows, left, right, and running towards him†¦A high scream comes from somewhere, like a horse in terror.† (Pg. 262-263) * Simile and metaphor * Ofglen kicked his head several times and later explained to Offred that the man was part of the underground rebellion, so she wanted to put him out of his misery quickly

Human Resource Training and Development Essay

Training and development is a major investment made by employers , and therefore great care should be taken to ensure adequate returns on the investment. Training and development. Some experts try to differentiate training from development. In this case, both training and development is in the same meaning. Training is more to short term, and focuses on current needs of the employee and the organization. Development meanwhile looks more to the future needs, whereby development are about preparing employees for tomorrow’s jobs, technology and economic situation. Most on-the-job training efforts are about ensuring that employees can perform their present tasks as well as possible. Leadership programmes, on the other hand, are an example of the development initiatives taken by employers to ensure they have a steady supply of senior managers ready to drive organizational success. TRAINING EMPLOYEES. Training is a learning process that involves the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and abilities or known as K. S. A. K. S. A. is necessary to successfully perform a job. Several reasons exist for an organization to conduct training for it’s employees. Here are the 4 reasons why K. S. A. is important. 1. Economic, social, technological, and government changes can make the skills learned today obsolete in the future. 2. Planned organizational changes (such as the introduction of new equipment) can make it necessary for employees to update their skills or acquire new ones. 3. Performance problems within an organization such as low productivity or large scrap problems can be reduced by training. 4. Regulatory, contractual, professional, or certification issues can require an employer to provide training for it employees. STEPS TO A SUCCESSFUL TRAINING PROGRAM. * Perform job analysis. * Perform needs assessment * Establish training objectives * Conduct training program* Evaluate training outcomes Job analysis. Job analysis is actually more focusing on the Knowledge, skills, and abilities (K. S. A. ). K. S. A. is actually necessary to successfully perform a job. Perform needs assessment. Needs assessment is a systematic analysis of the specific training activities the organization requires to achieve it objectives. In general, five methods can be used to gather needs assessment information – 1. Interviews 2. Surveys / questionnaires 3. Observations 4. Focus groups 5. Document examination. Interviews with employees can be conducted by specialists in the Human Resource Deaprtment or by outside experts. Basic questions that should usually be asked are as follows : 1. What problems is the employees having in his/her job. 2. What additional skills and/or knowledge does the employee need to better perform the job? 3. What training does the employee believe is needed? In conducting an interviews, every organization would have several additional questions about specific issues. In addition, if interviews are to provide useful information, employees must believe their input will be valued and not be used against them. Surveys and/or questionnaires are also frequently used in needs assessment. Normally this involves developing a list of skills required to perform particular jobs effectively and asking employees to check those skills in which they believe they need training. METHODS OF TRAINING Several methods can be used to satisfy an organization’s training needs and accomplish it’s objectives. Some of the more commonly used methods include on-the-job training, job rotation, apprenticeship training, and classroom training. * On-The-Job training. On-the-Job training or simply known as OTJ, is normally given by a senior employee or a manager. The employee is shown how to perform the job and allowed to do it under the trainer’s supervision. * Job rotation (cross training) One of the OTJ training is job rotation, sometimes called cross training. In job rotation, an individual learns several different jobs within a work unit or department and performs each job for a specified time period. One main advantage of job rotation is that it makes flexibility possible in the department. For example, when one member of a work unit is absent, another person can perform the job. The advantages of OTJ training are that no special facilities are required and the new employee does productive work during the learning process. OTJ training has been found to be more effective than classroom training that may be seldom be used when the person returns to the job. It’s major disadvantages is that the pressures of the workplace can cause instruction of the employee to be haphazard or neglected. * Apprenticeship Training Apprenticeship Training provides beginning workers with comprehensive training in the practical and theoretical aspects of work required in a highly skilled occupation. Apprenticeship programs combine OTJ and classroom training to prepare workers for more than 800 skilled occupations such as computer operator and laboratory technician. * Classroom Training Classroom Training is conducted off the job and is probably the most familiar training method. It is an effective means of imparting information quickly to large groups with limited or no knowledge of the subject being presented. It is useful for teaching factual material, concepts, principles, and theories. Portions of orientation programs, some aspects of apprenticeship training, and safety programs are usually presented utilizing some form of classroom instruction. * Virtual classroom Internet technology has advanced rapidly and as a result the training of Prev Page employees is changing. In some companies, employee training has moved from the old typical style classroom to the internet. A virtual classroom is an online teaching and learning environment that integrates chat rooms, desktop video conferencing, web sites, and e-mail distributions into a typical lecture-based systems. Virtual classroom offer training in either self-paced courses, real-time courses through intranets, or real-time video conferencing. In a typical virtual classroom, a professor lectures to a local class and a remote class that may be thousand of miles away. EVALUATING TRAINING When the results of a training program are evaluated, a number of benefits accrue. Less effective programs can be withdrawn to save time and effort. Weaknesses within established programs can be identified and remedied. Evaluation of training can be broken down into four areas : 1. Reaction – How much did the trainees like the program? 2. Learning – What principles, facts, and concepts were learned in the training program? 3. Behavior – Did the job behavior of the trainees change because of the program? 4. Results – What were the results of the program in terms of factorssuch as reduced costs or reduction in turnover? * Reaction Reaction evaluation should be consider a wide range of topics, including program content, structure and format, instructional techniques, instructors abilities and style, the quality of the learning environment, the extent to which training objectives were achieved, and recommendations for improvement. Reaction evaluation questionnaires are normally administrated immediately following the training, but they can be administered several weeks later. The major flaw in using only reaction evaluation is that enthuasiasm of trainees cannot necessarily be taken as evidence of improved ability and performance * Learning Learning evaluation concerns how well the trainees understood and absorbed the principles, facts, and skills taught. In teaching skills, classroom Prev Page demonstrations by trainees are a fairly objective way to determine how much learning is occurring. Where principles and facts are being taught, paper and pencils tests can be used. Standardized tests can be purchased to measure learning in many areas. In other areas, the trainers must develop their own tests. To obtain an accurate picture of what was learned, trainees should be tested both before and after the program. * Behavior Behavior evaluation deals with the nature of the change in job behavior of the trainee and is much more difficult than reaction of learning evaluation. The following guidelines can help evaluate behavioral change. A systematic appraisal should be made of on the job (OTJ) performance on a before and after basis. The appraisal of performance should be made by one or more of the following groups (the more the better) * The trainee * The trainee’s superior * The trainee’s subordinates * The trainee’s peers or other people thoroughly familiar with his/her performance. A statistical analysis should be made to compare performance before and after training and to relate changes to the training program. The post-training appraisal should be made several months after the training so that the trainees have an opportunity to put what they have learned into practice. A control group (one not receiving the training) should be used. * Results. Results evaluation attempts to measure changes in variables such as reduced turnover, reduced costs, improved efficiency, reduction in grievances, and increases in quantity and quality of production. As with behavior evaluation, pretests, posttests, and control groups are reqired in performing an accurate results evaluation. Prev Page BENEFITS OF TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT As we know, training is designed to change attitudes, develop skills, and impart knowledge. Effective training programmes may require expenditure on the part of the employer, but they bring about a number of benefits to the organization, including – * Increased productivity which in turn leads to higher profits. * More satisfied employees which lowers turnover rates. * Aid recruitment efforts making it easier to hire talented employees. * Trained employees are more innovative. * The company is in a better position to compete both nationally and internationally. Trained employees help ensure that company profits are maximized. At the same time, the training of employees is significant at the macro level of the economy. Well-trained staff can produce higher quality products which can successfully gain a good share of the world markets. By training and development organizing work around subordinates becomes fairly easy. The span of control of the managers increase which help the organizations in low costs and thus better allocation of resources takes place. It also helps the managers effectively and efficiently attain the organizational goals. Also by training the employees helps the employees get updated with the latest skills and techniques, which in turn increase the productivity and output per worker and the marginal and average productivity per worker increases. THE MALAYSIA CASE ON TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT. Malaysia is an example country that really put an efforts in order to maintain and establish a good way of training and development. As we know, Prev Page Malaysia are now competing with highly sophisticated staff from many multinational company from many nations. Through this, the Malaysian government takes a keen interest in helping and encouraging employers to train their staff continuously. The government of Malaysia has established a number of initiatives which directly or indirectly help employers to train their employees. This include – * A free educational system up to secondary level. * Subsidized tertiary education in public universities. * Encouraging top-class foreign universities to establish branches or campuses or conduct training programme’s . * Establishment of Industrial Training Institutes to train industrial training instructors. * Introduction of the Pembangunan Sumber Manusia Bhd. Act. (Human Resource Development Bhd. Act. ) International HRD Types of Expatriates Expatriates Free Agent Heart at Home Going Native Dual Citizen Proactive Career Stagnant Career Ethnocentric Adaptable Most Effective There are generally four types of expatriates managers : Free agent. There are two types of free agent. The first includes people who put their career above either the parent company or the foreign operation where they Prev Page are working. They often are highly effective, but they will move with little warning from one company to another, may serve their own short term interests at the expense of the company’s long term ones, and do not plan to return to their home country. The second types of people are who takes foreign assignment only for the large compensation. Heart at home The heart at home type is very ethnocentric and usually eager to return home. When the company wants strong headquarters control, this type of person may be useful and effective. Going native The going native type learns and accepts the local way of doing business, want to stay in the foreign location, and prefer not to consult headquarters. This type of person may be appropriate for situations in which the company follows multi domestic practices. Dual Citizen The dual citizen type has a clear understanding of global needs, why he or she is needed at the foreign subsidiary and local. This type of person usually finds methods to align the interest of headquarters and the subsidiary. Generally, the dual citizen is most effective type of expatriate managers. Training and Development for Expatriate Managers Training focus on preparing the manager for a specific job, while development is concern with the developing skills of the manager when he work with the firm. Normally, most firms focus more on the training rather than on development of the management. Management development programmes for expatriate managers increase overall skills levels by continuing learning in management and rotations of managers through jobs within the global firms to gain more experiences. Management development is best to used as strategic tool to build strong understanding about other culture and informal management network, both of which are supportive of a transnational and global strategy. Before expatriates are sent for their foreign assignment, they need to be Prev Page prepared for their foreign assignment, they need to be prepared for their new and more challenging tasks. So, it is important for expatriates well trained before they leave the country. Training for expatriates managers involve obtaining skills for a particular foreign posting. Training can helps expatriates and their families to ready with the above problems related to the foreign assignments. Cultural training, language training, and practical training will help those expatriate to solve the problem and reduce expatriates failures. Cultural training Cultural training provides opportunities for expatriates to understand and value the culture of the host country. The training must be cover the country culture such as in aspect of history, politics, economy, religion, and social and business practices prior to departure. Cultural training can promote an appreciation of the host country’s culture and help in expatriate adjustment. Language training Although the English is the international language, expatriates are needed to learn and understand some language of the host country. It is because to helps effective communication between locals and expatriates. Language training helps to improve expatriates’s effectiveness, aid expatriates in adjusting to foreign culture, and create a better corporate image. Practical training Practical training is the best mode to prepared the expatriates to adapt new environment and daily activities. Sharing experiences with those who have been to the host’s country is one way to have real life experiences prior to departure. Once in the host country, seeking support from other expatriates from the same country would speed up the process of adaptation in the new environment. Practical training can help expatriates and family ease into day to day life of the host country. Repatriation training Another issue in training and development is repatriation which refer to preparing expatriates for re-entry into their home country organization. This is the same to support expatriate to adjust the expatriate in a new environment. Prev Page Cross Cultural Training Cross cultural training is a kind of cultural training given to the potential expatriates before they go on their overseas assignments. Cross cultural training refers to the development of awareness between people where a common cultural framework does not exist. There are two approaches of cross cultural training which are cross cultural awareness training and culture or country specific training. Cross Cultural Awareness Training. Cross cultural awareness training deals with the manifestation of culture in the workplace and has many applications. Its main purpose is to evaluate and undertake the challenges cross cultural differences can bring to the workplace. This training generates awareness of a foreign culture and creates understanding of how to foster mutual trust, respect, and understanding in a different culture. This training an effort to equip potential expatriates with the knowledge and skills to effectively manage a multi-cultural staff. This training helps them to create fair and comfortable working environment and enhance negotiations with foreign clients or customers in discussing possible terms and conditions. Culture or Country specific training Culture or country specific training is commonly targeted at individual or teams that often visit a foreign country or who frequently interact with foreign client. Such training usually focuses on areas such as values, morals, ethics, business practices, etiquette, protocol, or negotiation styles with reference to one country. This better equips participants with the key skills. Understanding and appreciating intercultural differences ultimately promotes clearer communication, reduces communication, reduces barriers, builds trust, strengthen relationships, open horizons, and yield tangible results in terms of business success. Repatriation of Expatriates Repatriation is a critical issues in the training and development of expatriates managers. Repatriation is concerned when the expatriates who have been living abroad for certain period of time for re-entry into their Prev Page home country. Repatriation should be seen as the final link in an integrated, circular process that selects, train, sends, and brings home expatriate managers. Repatriation is the return of the expatriate to his or home country following completion of a lengthy foreign assignment. Repatriation is needed as expatriates who have spent a few years in host country cultures often experiences distress in readapting to their own home culture. The distress is normally caused by adaptation to the host country, followed by re-entry, which means that they have adapt to something that they left before. This creates disturbance in the early period of coming back, and is referred to as reverse culture shock. The disturbance is worse when returning managers are not able to get the right position or nothing more than to get the position in the home office. Like expatriation, repatriation requires advance preparation. If repatriation is not properly managed, the expatriate will encounter problem when returning to the home country. Some of returning employees fell that their international experiences is not valued because they be placed in lower position rather than high position on overseas. Moreover, some expatriates report that they have difficulties in financial upon returned. Many experiences reverse culture shock when in readjustment to home country culture. For employees and employee who have worked several years abroad have difficulties to readjustment the daily life like before. Problem with repatriation arises in three general areas such as personal finances, readjustment to the home country work environment, and readjustment to the home country social life. Companies give expatriate many financial benefits to encourage them to accept a foreign assignment. While abroad, expatriates may live in the high standard neighbourhood and sent their children to the private schools, socialize with elite group, and still save more money because of high wages. Some of human resources practices for smoothing repatriation including providing expatriates with an advance notices of when they will return, more information about their new jobs, placement in suitable job regarding with their foreign experiences, housing assistance, reorientation programmes, periodic visits to headquarters, and enlisting a formal headquarters mentor to watch over their interests while.