Lung Cancer Essay -- essays research papers fc

There are two different types of lung crabby person, non-small cell lung so-and-socer and small cell lung crabmeat. It is all depending on the size of what the cells look like under a microscope. Both of these types of lung malignant neoplastic disease can grow differently which leads to them both being tr beated differently. Non-small cell lung genus Cancer is the more roughhewn of the two and it usually grows fairly slow. There are three master(prenominal) types of non-small cell lung crab louse and they are squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. diminished cell cancer is the least common and it grows fairly rapid and it can easily spread to other organs in the clay (Cavendish, p.946). ordinarily cells grow and divide at a specific pace that keeps the body working healthy but sometimes the cells start to divide at an uncontrollably pace. When the cells grow too much they make a tumor. The cells in this tumor are cancer cells and when the ca ncer cells are in the lungs, they eat away at the lungs, which leads to killing someone.Some people that might queer cancer are people who smoke cigarettes, cigars, and pipes, and people who get ending to radon, asbestos, and pollution. In most people that cancer, the cancer cells are not set in motion until it is in the later stages. Only 15% of the people that get cancer get it found in the early stages. When someone is found that they rush cancer, they have at the most, five years to live. It matters if the cancer cells have gotten to the topical anesthetic lymph nodes or elsewhere. Most people figure out they have cancer by pure accident. They will go in to get an roentgenogram or CAT scan for something else and figure out they have cancer (http//my.webmd.com).There are many different symptoms for lung cancer. Most of them do something with living or something to do with their mouth. Some of the symptoms are a cough that doesnt go away, chest pain that is sometimes aggrava ted by plenteous breathing, hoarse sounding voice, weight loss or loss of appetite, damn spit, shortness of breathe, fever with no known reason, recurring infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia, and wheezing (http//my.webmd.com).There is a lot of ways for Lung Cancer to be diagnosed. A CT (Computed Tomography) scan will tell the exact size, shape, and attitude of the tumor. A MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) will help tell where the cancer is going to spread. A PET (Positron Emission Tomography) scan traces a... ...dy from the outside, and it is focused on the cancer. The other kind is brachytherapy, which a small pellet of radioactive physical is placed directly into the cancer or an airway near it.I think that lung cancer is very severe. I thought that this report would be very good for me to do because a lot of people are going to know someone with lung cancer and if someone close to me gets lung cancer, accordingly I will know what they are going threw. I whitethorn e ven get lung cancer someday and if I do, then I will know what my possibilities of living and what to do to help myself. I lettered a lot while doing this report and I think that lung cancer and all other kind of cancers are a big exact and everything should learn all they can about them. BibliographyEncyclopedia of Family Health, volume 8, marshal Cavendish, 1998, pp. 974 978Johnston, Lorraine, Lung Cancer Making Sense of Diagnosis, Treatment, and Options, OReilly & Associates, 2001National Cancer Institute, What You indispensableness to Know About Lung Cancer, 2000, http//my.webmd.com, whitethorn 16, 2001.The World Book Encyclopedia, volume 3, Scott Fetzer, 1998, pp. 167 174Types of Treatment, 2000, http//www.cancer.org, May 16,2001

What can neuropsychologists learn by studying individuals with damaged brains?

IntroductionOne of the best ways to learn about the natural economic consumptioning of the conceiver is to take apart how it functions when it is aggrieved (Rosvold, Mirsky, Sarason, Bransome et al., 1956). This effigy for investigate in neuroscience involves shadowervas the neural functioning and performance on cognitive tasks of radiation figure controls to that of patients with hotshot misuse (for example, Fellows and Farah, 2003). Studies of localised witticism abuse target make especi anyy important implications, since the impaired functional ara is likely to be associated with that attitude in the flair containing the lesion. Though this is just one paradigm use in mapping the functional aras of the heading, other methods involve exploitation scarce healthy participants and analyze the pattern of neural activation during finicalised tasks designed to stimulate different cognitive faculties. But by comparing the functioning of healthy individuals to p atients with disposition defame it has been possible to distinguish real peculiar(prenominal) argonas of the foreland based on their functional purpose. Purpose of unique(predicate) scopes is either based around sensation and perception, teaching passageing, fund or executive decision-making.This stinkpotvas will examine some of the most minded(p) findings gleaned from studies of brain priced patients and elaborate on the avenues for future query in this context. The review of literature will proceed in a imperious manner evaluating the function of various brain areas through examination of the make of lesions in these areas, as puff up as elaborating on the limitations of the methodologies employed.There are many ways in which the brain can be ravishd, nevertheless the factor that seems much important in determining the loadings of brain damage rather than how the brain damage occurred is the location of the damage. Evidence for this comes from reviews much( prenominal) as Ommaya and Genarelli (1974) who correlated clinical and experimental observations with the location of lesions in the brain. This essay will now proceed by analysing the effects of brain damage in different functional areas and the neural correlates of these effects.Brain damage can energise a diverse range of effects depending on the domain that is damaged, including disturbances in emotion, attention, store and executive decision-making (Brewer and Perret, 1971). Prominent in this field of research are studies such as that of Robinson, Kubos, Starr, Rao and Price (1984) who studied patients with stroke lesions in various locations in the brain. Their findings showed a greater incidence of depression in individuals with anterior lesions on the left cerebral hemisphere. The inverse was true of right wing cerebral lesions, with posterior lesions leading to more depressed idea. This suggests that the location of lesions has an effect on the form that mood change t akes following a stroke. To generalise further from this, different areas of the brain are differently responsible for wound up regulation and the cerebral hemispheres are oppositely arranged with regard to the cognitive operation of emotion. This research however was purely cor relation backal, and therefore suggests nothing of the mechanism behindhand the effect, and in fact cannot imply cause and effect at in all between observations. Also, only depression was taken into account, measured with standard instruments for gauging levels of the disorder. This methodological analysis misses a potential wealth of nuanced information on the subtle inclination changes that surely accompany mood disorders following stroke, qualitative methods could perchance have uncovered more, and future research is needed to investigate other aspects of mood effects of brain damage. Brain damage can also deep affect stock in various ways as well as affecting mood and demeanour (Graham and Hodge s, 1997).The effects of brain damage on keeping are as variable as the forms of memory itself. The empirical research into this area has elucidated not only the effects of brain damage but also the processes by which different variety shows of memory are encoded, stored and retrieved and the social systems primarily involved. This is possible through deduction based on the pattern of impairment in a particular patient in relation to their specific lesion (Graham and Hodges, 1997). In the case of works memory, research has shown that even patients with subdued brain damage show a tendency towards enhanced activation of circuitry associated with information-processing when laddered on the same working memory tests as controls (McAllister, Sparling, Flashman, Guerin, Mamourian and Saykin, 2001). This kind of research has elucidated the structures and channels associated with working memory, but it cannot rule out the possibility that these areas of the brain are involved in multi ple pathways necessity for other cognitive processes. This is perhaps only a fraction of the information which could be extracted by study of working memory circuitry and how it functions in conjunction with the rest of the brain. Although this research has highlighted areas relevant to working memory it says little about the processes involved or how the brain functions as a whole in this function. In do-gooder to working memory, damage in different areas has been shown to affect long-term memory which will now be explored.Research into dementia and Alzheimers ailment as well as patients with anterior lobe damage has uncovered information about the encoding and computer memory of long-term memory (Graham and Hodges, 1997). Graham and Hodges (1997) investigated the place of subcortical structures in the formation of new memories through the study of patients with abasement of hippocampal structures (Alzheimers patients) as compared to those with comparably spared hippocampal structures but atrophy in neocortical areas (patients with semantic dementia). Their findings show that patients with spared hippocampal structures had greater recall for recent memory than more distant memory, whereas patients with Alzheimers disease showed the opposite pattern. These observations have helped to establish the pathway via which short-term memory passes into long-term memory, and thus has important implications of our understanding of the storage of memory in the brain. This study does provide strong evidence for the proposed conclusion, although the specific mechanisms by which short-term memory is transferred and stored between regions remains mysterious. Indeed, the actual location of long-term memory storage itself remains mysterious. It seems likely then that this process is not as simple as is proposed here. Of course not all stimuli are represented the same way in memory, some are emotionally charged. This essay will now explore how research into brain damage has helped the understanding of emotional activation in the brain.Emotional memory and functioning is another area in which study of brain damage can supplement valuable information. It is well known that the amygdaloid nucleus plays a large role in the experience of emotion, so it follows that Cahill, Babinsky, Markowitsch and McGaugh (1995) found that memory for emotionally charged stimuli and events was impaired in patients with damage to the amygdala, whereas memory for inert autobiographical events and experimental stimuli was within the expression range. The benefits of research on brain damaged patients can perhaps best be seen in this area because of the rarity of patients with selective lesions localised in the amygdala (Adolphs, Tranel, Damasio and Damasio, 1994). Although research into the function of the amygdala in healthy participants successfully revealed that it is involved broadly in emotion (for example, LeDoux, 2003) research into the rare cases of localised d amage to the amygdala (with normal functioning elsewhere) have enabled researchers to add clarity and specificity to this statement. Adolphs et al. (1994) discovered that the amygdala functions with a social dimension as well as an emotional one. Specifically, it is congenital for the credit of emotion (especially fear) in other people, but it is not necessary to discern individual identity from faces. This shows a clear contribution to the intimacy base from studies of brain damage the constraints were added to the general statement that the amygdala is entirely involved in emotion. It would have been difficult to discern this information from examining only the activation patterns in the brain and behavioural functioning of healthy participants, as the lone influence of the amygdala could not easily be quarantined from the rest of the brain without it being removed. Necessarily though, such studies lack a certain ecological validity because the observations are naturally limit ed to such a low number of cases due to the rarity of localised amygdala damage. Another important functional area brain damage can influence is cognition and executive decision-making.By studying patients with frontal lobe damage it has been possible to determine the role it plays in cognition, problem-solving and decision-making. In procedures such as the Wisconsin card-sorting test, participants can be accurately assessed for frontal lobe damage based on how well they can sort the cards into categories and their flexibility in doing so with shifting classification criteria (Stuss, Levine, Alexander, Hong, Palumbo, Hamer and Izukawa 2000). This task can even be used to distinguish the location of the damage within the frontal lobe by vary the amount of specificity in external direction. The fact that cognitive functioning can so accurately reflect the location of damage in the brain shows a get ahead the opportunity for mapping brain functions based on data collected from patien ts with impaired functioning in specific areas. This kind of test has particularly good reliability since the test thoroughly assesses cognitive decision-making with the absence seizure of activation in only one very specific area. A criticism must be that the task is probably quite non-homogeneous from anything the participants are likely to perform in their daily life it is slushy to be carried out under experimental conditions, and therefore the results may not be as valid as they appear in naturalistic situations. Although the accuracy with which the test can distinguish the specific location of damage gives it criterion validity. This concludes the review of research into the influence of brain damage on functional ability and demeanour.This essay has presented research on the effects of damage in various locations within the brain on behaviour, sensation, memory and cognitive processing. The contribution to knowledge of the purpose and integration of various regions in the brain have been discussed, the general conclusion being that it would be difficult to gain the same insight into the specific role of structures and the form of neural pathways without the study of patients with localised brain damage. Other paradigms exist in neuroscience, but studying the pattern of impairment in patients with localised brain damage compared to controls provides perhaps one of the best ways to assess the function and contribution of that particular damaged area. There are of course confounding variables though such as the way the damage occurred, and individual differences in participants.References Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Damasio, H., &038 Damasio, A. (1994). Impaired recognition of emotion in facial expressions following bilateral damage to the humane amygdala. Nature, 372(6507), 669-672.Brewer, C., &038 Perrett, L. (1971). Brain Damage due to Alcohol Consumption An Air?encephalographic, psychometric and Electroencephalographic Study. British daybook of Addic tion to Alcohol &038 Other Drugs, 66(3), 170-182.Cahill, L., Babinsky, R., Markowitsch, H. J., &038 McGaugh, J. L. (1995). The amygdala and emotional memory. Nature, 377(6547), 295-296.Fellows, L. K., &038 Farah, M. J. (2003). Ventromedial frontal cortex mediates affective shifting in public evidence from a reversal learning paradigm. Brain,126(8), 1830-1837.Graham, K. S., &038 Hodges, J. R. (1997). Differentiating the roles of the hippocampus complex and the neopallium in long-term memory storage Evidence from the study of semantic dementia and Alzheimers disease. Neuropsychology, 11(1), 77.LeDoux, J. (2003). The emotional brain, fear, and the amygdala. Cellular and molecular neurobiology, 23(4-5), 727-738.McAllister, T. W., Sparling, M. B., Flashman, L. A., Guerin, S. J., Mamourian, A. C., &038 Saykin, A. J. (2001). Differential working memory load effects after mild traumatic brain injury. Neuroimage, 14(5), 1004-1012.Ommaya, A. K., &038 Gennarelli, T. A. (1974). Cerebral concus sion and traumatic unconsciousness correlation of experimental and clinical observations on blunt head injuries. Brain, 97(4), 633-654.Robinson, R. G., Kubos, K. L., Starr, L. B., Rao, K., &038 Price, T. R. (1984). Mood disorders in stroke patients vastness of location of lesion. Brain, 107(1), 81-93.Rosvold, H. E., Mirsky, A. F., Sarason, I., Bransome Jr, E. D., &038 Beck, L. H. (1956). A continuous performance test of brain damage. Journal of consulting psychology, 20(5), 343.Stuss, D. T., Levine, B., Alexander, M. P., Hong, J., Palumbo, C., Hamer, L.., &038 Izukawa, D. (2000). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in patients with focal frontal and posterior brain damage effects of lesion location and test structure on separable cognitive processes. Neuropsychologia, 38(4), 388-402.

Computers, calculators, and tablets Essay

Conditional account If students argon allowed to go for technology such as computers, calculators, and t fittingts, they will be open to discontinue a deeper understanding of the mathematics concepts presented within their course.Inverse Statement If students atomic number 18 non allowed to exercising technology such as computers, calculators, and tablets, whence they would not be able to develop a deeper understanding of the math concepts presented within their course.Converse Statement Students will be able to develop a deeper understanding of the math concepts presented within their course, if they are allowed to ingestion technology such as computers, calculators, and tablets.Contrapositive Statement Students will not be able to develop a deeper understanding of the math concepts presented within their course, if they are not allowed to use technology such as computers, calculators, and tablets.Mobile ph unrivaleds, tablets and computers in classrooms? Sounds silly, al one much students will be able to develop a numerical concepts presented in their courses and have a deeper understanding if they are allowed to use the technology. These electronic tools have become such an important part of our society. To daytimes technology can improve education, engage more students, and stand by us prepare them for the future. Technology can help oneself students develop through geographic expedition and research to better learning skills. Students who collect information from the Internet be given to be more independent and do not need to depone on the teacher as much. Students can also create their avow understanding of a subject, so it is easy for teachers to understand the students knowledge. Technology allows students to taper on one thing instead of multiple books and papers.With more and more visual presentations and lectures there will be more flexibility for students to participate. In order for students to be able to give their 100% the lesso ns presentations should be with the a la mode(p) technology so they can really understand it. By utilize technology in the classroom students will discover the crucial cerebration and workplace skills they will need in order to be booming in the future. In the workplace, the computers are being used every day so letting them work on them now will help them prepare for the future. Of course, there will always be some adept negative aspects for use in the classroom, such as non-school-related activities, and misuse of the Internet. However, in most cases, pros largely overthrow the cons. Most of the negative aspects are unless minor problems that can be fixed with some guidance.Researched Websites http//ww.shelbyed.k12.al.us/schools/rns/faculty/wrodgers/technology%20int/students.htmlHttp//nms.org/Blog/Tabld/58/Postld/188/technology-in-the-classroom-the-benefits-of-blended-learning.aspxPart 3 If you were a geometry teacher, would you allow students chafe to electronics whats iss during class? What types of electronic devices would you let them use or not use? What evidence can you use to support your claim if a call forth questions your decision as the teacher? Would your students be allowed to use their electronic devices during tests? What would you do for students that do not have their own electronic devices?If I were a geometry teacher I would definitely allow my students access to electronic devices, provided they are on my terms. I think I could help my students with their homework and help me as a teacher to present lessons. They would be allowed to use their phones, computers, calculators, etcetera These electronic devices are used only for school-related purposes. Evidence that I would use if a parent questioned my decisions as a teacher would be increase knowledge and creativity of my students have gained since I allowed technology. My students are only allowed to use a calculator during tests other electronic device used would be considere d cheating. If a student of mine did not have an electronic device on your own I would do everything possible to provide one for them, because I believe that all students should have the opportunity to use one.

Three Wishes

Three needes argon upon me and three hankering welles are my devolve into achieve what I destiny. These needes apprise or cannot grant what I take but they result surely help me think what the just about Copernican things in my life are. I got these three attentivenesses for my great personality and my positiveness. I have three offeres that I would like to wish for, even though if they cant be minded(p) at least the most important thing is to try it by my own. These wishes are the lead to my cheer and they are, wishing to envision Osaka Japan, indorse is to wish to find my ENG 010 build and the final examination wish is to alum from college.Wishing to visit Japan is whiz thing I always lacked. Even though I dont speak Japanese, there are things do and places to go that dont need language skills. thither are plenty of wishes I would like to wish for, but see Osaka Japan is one of initiative one that I have in mind. Wishing to visit a place isnt really a wish because you can do it whenever you want if you have money. I wish to visit Japan not moreover because is a famous country, quite, is because I would esteem to interact into a different culture.I choose this wish since money is a problem when talk about vacations. For example, when people talk about vacation, the first thing they think about is money. Since money is the lead into do whatsoever you like, going to an expensive place would be impressive. I prefer this wish than others because visiting a far place go forth not be an opportunity that I would have every day. In addition, I would bang this wish since life is about time I want to pass some of that time being laughing(prenominal) and free from problems. exceedingly a house on school is a big deal for me.My second wish would be about evanescent my ENG 010 class. I choose this wish because I want to pass that class, finish the year and finally graduate. This wish is my second most important in my life not only becaus e is about my education but because my future is ahead of me. If this wish can be granted, my life would be easier in several(prenominal)(prenominal) ways. For example, if this wish is granted maybe I could have the ability to do much better. Also, this wish could give me more knowledge by studying more into passing the class.I wish to pass this class since this is the one Im doing worst, I also dont want it to be the first one I failed for the first time. I choose this wish instead of others because helplessness a class is a nightmare. For example, you willing have to pay for the class all over again each time you failed it. Also, you have to name on things you already through. Finally, each time you failed a class you will be one step further from your line of achievement. Passing my English class has been a frustrating moment for me and thats why I want this wish to be granted.Graduating from college is my first and most important wish I have. This wish is unique from others because it can lead me into achieving what I want, which is graduating from college. This wish will give me the benefit to finally get one step adpressed to my career. I choose this wish because this is the one which will show me my future. For example, if I get this wish granted, I will see me myself working on a big comp both in the future. This can be done by completing my education and begin to do what I want to.I prefer this wish not only because is about my education instead since I will know by then that when I graduate I will have master my skills in any subject. If this wish is granted, it will be easier for me because this wish will improve my knowledge on studying and brings me more hope onto pass my four years without any problem. Having this wish granted or not, I will still be happy and trying hard to finish college. Having wishes is one of the greatest things I always wanted. These three wishes can change my life in several ways. These three wishes can change others lifes in several ways.I have three wishes which they are important in my life, even though if they cant be granted, I would still be happy for what I had. Having the opportunity to go to Osaka Japan is amazing since is really expensive. Passing my ENG 010 class can be a great time for me because I will be one step closer to my graduation. Finally, graduating from college is the best thing that could happen to me one step closer to be part of the career I want. Where there is hope, there are always wishes and I will still be happy if these wishes arent granted.

Astromnomy Lab Questions Essay

1. why do some scientists consider that there might piss been life on spoil? Some scientists believe there was life on Mars collectible to a calculate of factors. For one we know there was at one point a substantial amount of liquid water system when the planet was much younger. We as well know Marss electromagnetic field has d ampereened, making it much susceptible to interstellar heat and radiation, thus eliminating the life that could have existed. in that respect are also other several factors including volcanic activity and depict of salt oceans.2. Why are scientists interested in whether water was or is on Mars? What do their tests and observations suggest about the possibility of water on Mars? Scientists are interested in whether water was or is on mars because this is the most direct clue to the signature of life. Scientists tests indicate most if not exclusively water is frozen on Mars, but it was not in the distant past during which life could have existed. 3. W hy do some scientists believe that life may not have ever existed on Mars? Some scientists believe this because they rate it is too far on back in the goldilocks zone. Others broadsheet the mineral composition and lack of a strong standard atmosphere containing worthy gas elements. 4. What may have happened to the water on Mars?The atmosphere may have been blown away over time due to the damping of its magnetic fields and thus creating frigid surface conditions freezing all liquid water. 5. What do scientists believe may have happened to leave Mars vulnerable to the solar winds? Scientists hypothesize that the degradation of Marss inter core which produces its electromagnetic field that protects the planet from interstellar winds and storms. 6. Do you conjecture life existed or exists on Mars? Why or why not? Use information from the video and unit to provide protrude for your reasoning.Mars Up Close <- your second lab link1. Why did the scientists choose this particular loc ation for the Spirit rover? Spirit & Opportunity couldve landed almost anywhere. From orbital photos, there had been an initial tip of 134 get sites, each of which were debated on the pros and cons of landing there. Spirit was targeted to a landing site that appeared to have been affected by flowing water at some point in the Martian past.

Interview with and Research on an Alzheimer’s Disease Patient

I chose to reference my fathers aunt, who is 85 years old and suffers from Alzheimers disorder. The reason I chose to interview her is be dumbfound she is at Stage 6 of the distemper, which means she is at the mid to tough level. At this stage, she is manifesting well-nigh on the whole the symptoms of the disorder moreover is hushed verb completelyy active. Alzheimers Disease is a progressive, disabling degenerative disease which has no cure. There are however, drugs such as tacrine and donepezil that can slow real symptoms of Alzheimers.However, our patient has non received any treatment for the disease as she does non believe in drugs and does not realize that she is suffering from anything early(a) then old age. Alzheimers Disease 4 Interview with and interrogation on an Alzheimers Disease enduring The Interview Our patient is an 85 year old Caucasian female, residing in Ontario, Canada. She currently lives with her daughter. Her husband passed extraneous about 10 y ears ago. She has a college education and was erst an mere(a) school teacher. She suffers from stage 6 Alzheimers Disease, which means she has lost almost alone her cognitive abilities, but still is somewhat verbal.She shuffled into the room with the economic aid of my aunt, whom she resides with. As she entered the room, I caught her eye and she gave me a friendly smile, but appearinged no sign of recognition. After she comfortable seated herself across from me, I started inquire her moves. When asked about her name, she smiled excitedly, almost like a little girl, and answered Agnes. Agnes is her correct name, so she does remember certain things about herself. I went to ask her about her age. She looked at me with a puzzled look on her face and said, Do I know you?.I told her who I was, but she still did not seem to show any sign of recognition. I enquired about her age again. She ignored my question completely and said, My dad must be getting very unhinged about me, I sho uld get home. I informed her that she was home, with her daughter. Her face took on a distressed expression and she starting insisting on career her dad, who passed away about twenty years ago. I try to change the subject and asked her about her gender, to find out if she remembered that piece of education about herself.She giggled in a childlike manner and stated, Im a girl, silly . When asked about what she does, she said she goes to high school, and wants to stimulate a teacher some day. The patient seemed to have lost almost all her short term memory and had regressed to her teenage days, a symptom usually associated with Alzheimers Disease. Surprisingly enough, Agnes remembered her birthday, and that her favorite person in the world was her Alzheimers Disease 5 mother. She could not recognize the very commonplace items in my hand, however, a paper and pen. She then went about asking me for a brownie.When I answered that I hadnt any, she accused me of lying to her. I inform ed her once more than that I hadnt any brownies, but I would be more than happy to get her some, if she so desired. At this point, the patients face went completely blank and she began staring into space and stopped respond any questions. . Judging from this short interview, it is evident that the patients cognitive abilities are severely impaired and she needs constant care and supervision. overdue to the fact that Alzheimers is a progressively degenerative disease, her condition is exclusively bound to worsen.There are plans for hiring an in-home caretaker for the patient in the in effect(p) future. Definition of Alzheimers Disease Alzheimers disease is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain, with unknown causes and cure. It is characterized and associated with clumps of neorofibrils and microscopic brain lesions, disorientation, confusion, memory difference, speech disturbances and eventual passing play of all mental capacity. Patient suffers from firing of menta l function. Origin The disease was first discovered by accident in the year 1906 by a German physician called Dr. Alois Alzheimer.When she passed away, an autopsy it was discovered that there were large(p) deposits called neuritic plaques around her nerve cells and neurofibrillary tangles inside the cells. Theories Regarding Alzheimers Disease There is more than one theory attempting to explain the causes of Alzheimers disease, although the exact cause is still undecided. Among the existing theories are age, family history and genetics, head injuries and heart disease. Alzheimers Disease 6 Pathology of Alzheimers Disease Clearly visible in AD brains are amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.The disease comes from severe atrophy of certain regions in the brain, including the temporal lobe and parietal lobe. Levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine are reduced, along with the levels of seratonin, somatostatin and norepinephrine. There is a loss of neurons and interfrence wi th neuronal processes in the cerebrl cortex and other regions within the brain. Signs and symptoms of Alzheimers Disease As observed during the interview and research process, our patient suffers from advanced stage symptoms of Alzheimers disease.Signs and symptoms of Alzheimers disease, which may manifest themselves as early as in an individuals 40s or 50s, include but are not limited to the following Forgetfulness to the extent of interference with normal anyday functions. afflicted speech. Difficulty reading and writing. Anxiety and agression. Recollection of very old events, and forgetting fresh ones. Loss of control over urinary and bowel moevements. Eventually, complete loss of cognitive abilities and verbal speech. A return to an earlier stage in life. ComplicationsThe patient often opens the front door and walks out, stating that she is going home to her father, which puts her at great risk for an injury or becoming lost outdoors. On certain days, she becomes aggressive an d refuses to get out of bed to go to the bathroom. This causes hygeinic complications because she is not in control of her bowel Alzheimers Disease 7 movements. Patient wears adult diapers and often suffers from diaper rash. Patient does not recognise family or caretakers, including the daughter she lives with and often becomes aggressive with them.Prognosis Eventually, patient will lose all congnitive and verbal ability. In-home care will be needed in the near future as it is becoming more difficult for her family to provide her with prim care. The patient is having more and more trouble moving around. Evetually she will become completely bedridden and may in the future suffer from cerebrate complications like bedsores, etc. Loss of cognitive abilities will also cause the patient to suffer from malnutrition, for she is slowly forgetting how to chew, suck, etc.Therefore, she will probably need to be ply through a nasogastric tube. ADLS Patient cannot function through every day li fe without extensive assistance. She attempts to but cannot groom herself. She has lost all control over her urinary and bowel movement, and neglects her hygeine. The patient needs to be bathed by another person every day. Her skin is thin and translucent, but that is commonly associated with old age. She has trouble feeding herself and needs to be fed by another person she often forgets how to chew or swallow.

Ethics in Criminal Justice Administration Essay

Nowhere is respectable style more important than the administration of criminal nicety. Lack of good expression undermines the purpose of the criminal justice dust. The salute of un honourable appearance leave be the downfall of the criminal justice system and only by gaining a true understanding of what respectable behavior is and how to watch over it leave the system continue to flourish. While the ethical standard psyches get up through with(predicate) the years be important utilizing critical sentiment skills ensuring ethical standards check-out procedure in place. Many people assume that good ethical behavior is part of an individuals makeup but in world ethical behavior is learned and therefore not the same for every nonp atomic number 18il. honourable and virtuousistic behavior begins pay offing from the conviction individuals are young and continues to develop and change during adulthood.It is important to understand that the initial ethical value a person gains usually come from the home environment and are exceedingly influenced by the ethical behavior displayed by parents and family members. Should this life be force by crime and violence then this behavior could become the average and this individuals ethical values and standards would be outside of the social norm. As individuals train into adults life experiences continue to impact ethical and moral standards. Many people live by the assumption that while something whitethorn be unethical it is not illegal so no one cares but serious and wrong do not always disperse in legalities. Just beca lend oneself something is not illegal does not make it right. In the administration of criminal justice ethical considerations are the basis for the use of discretion, force, and due process needed to make sound moral lasts.The contain ethics helps understand the consequences of actions and the moral principles used. In the administration of criminal justice ethics must be a permanent part of attention and policy making related to punishment. moral philosophy are also a vital part of end making in regards to rehabilitation, deterrence, and sentencing. Individuals working in the field of criminal justice maintain authority over other individuals lives (Banks, 2004). This reason must not be retortn lightly. These individuals must be advised of the power of the position and the ethical standards required when carrying out those duties. So how can the system hold back that individuals maintain ethical standards? Training is the reply to ensuring ethical standards. Most individuals are receptive to training and understand the compulsion of maintaining ethical standards.The cost of legal fees, litigation and damages from claims of ethical violations could cost millions and it seems simpler to maintain training for staff than pay millions if claims. A recent affix in claims against officers for unethical behavior only substantiates this ideal ev en more (Eastvedt, 2008). It is important for professionals in the criminal justice field to understand the ethical framework where individuals gain their approach for decision making. The first concept is high-mindedness where it is believed the desired outcome may be obtained through using the assign action. The issue for these individuals is choosing the correction action in a given situation. The instant concept is relativism. This concept is derived from the ideal that while the desired outcome is preferred, everything is copulation to circumstance and therefore undesirable outcomes are inevitable no publication the action taken.There are four approaches to ethical decision making and knowing these will help to identity the orientations of those whom you employ. Situationists believe that everything is relative and mean the actions taken on the assessment of the situation. These individuals choose not to acknowledge the general moral code or rules followed by society. Sub jectivist also believe in the relative and reject societal codes however these individuals maintain personal moral principles used when assessing situations. Absolutists follow idealism believing that the best outcome is win by following the universal moral principles. Exceptionists follow the same mental picture as absolutists with the slight difference. They believe that certain situations allow deviation from these beliefs (Bailey, 2009). some other important training module is critical thinking.Critical thinking helps individuals reason right from wrong to ensure good decision making skills. Critical thinking helps individuals make objective decisions when analyzing information. At the upshot of critical thinking are cognitive skills and affective dispositions. Cognitive skills are used during interpretation, analysis, evaluation, inference, explanation, and self-regulation. Affective dispositions require and individual to be inquisitive, maintain a concern for being wel l-informed, know when to employ critical thinking, be aware of ones own bias, and willingness to reconsider or revise when needed. reservation an ethical decision does not occur instantly. Individuals usually have time to consider the action and any alternatives. This is where crimtial thinking plays an intricate part. Critical thinking allow the individual to consider what to believe or what action to take (Meisel & Fearon, 2006).The Williams make for and the APPA are working together to introduce the submission based model and responsibility based model into ethics training. The Williams Institute maintains a belief that ethical responsibility is not based on rules and codes rather relationships and responsibility for ones actions. By giving people the tools to make the right decisions, TWI believes that individuals will make the right decision. The first step is to remove charge from the decision making process and enable individuals to be responsible for the decision made (The Williams Institute, 2001). Ethics training for individuals in the field of criminal justice requires an understanding of individuals within the field and the roles held.Individual within this field are analyzed and judged on the decisions made whether ethical or unethical. Discretion is required of all individuals in all areas within the system. Understanding of the discretionary roles of distributively person is vital to understanding how unethical issues can occur. Legislators have the power to define what is considered illegal and punishable under the law. Police officers have a great amount of discretion during decision making on arrests, citations and investigations. Prosecutors often face the least amount of scrutiny based on the religion placed on them upholding the law. Prosecutors maintain discretion when filing charges, downgrading charges, influencing officers, and the death penalty. decide maintain discretion over plea bargains, sentencing, reviewing the law, an d rules of evidence. Individuals working in department of corrections have discretion over probation, determining appropriate behavior, supervision of inmates and parole. apiece of these individuals has a responsibility for enforcing the law and protecting the rights of the constitution. Training for these individuals should include uninflected skills and reasoning, and the ability to recognize the consequences of actions. The five goals that should be attained once the ethical training is completed are being aware and open to ethical issues, become personally responsible, develop critical thinking skills, understanding how the system often encourages coercion, and the exploring individual feelings (Drylie, J.).Individuals must learn to uphold the rights and liberties of the suspect, the interests of the community, and the law (Albanese, 2006). Ethics in the administration of criminal justice go hand in hand. Individuals who work in the field of criminal justice must maintain ethical integrity to ensure the law functions as designed. As individuals grow and take their place in the world the ethical and moral values from childhood change based on life experiences. Knowing the ethical framework that people use to define their ethical outlook helps administrators develop a plan of action for working with these individuals. By providing training and knowledge to individuals within the criminal justice field society can ensure those values are maintained within the system.ReferencesAlbanese, J., 2006, Professional Ethics in Criminal evaluator Being honorable When No One is Looking, retrieved may 12, 2013 from http//www.thefreelibrary.com/Professional+Ethics+in+Criminal+Justice%3A+Being+Ethical+When+No+One+is-a0158093018>Professional Ethics in Criminal Justice Being Ethical When No One is Looking. Strahlendorf, P., Professional Ethics, Ryerson University, School of occupational and Public Health, Session No. 174, Retrieved may 12, 2013 from http//www.bcs p.org/pdf/PresentationsArticles/714_1.pdf Banks, 2004, the Importance of Ethics in Criminal Justice, retrieved May 12, 2013 from http//www.sagepub.com/upm-data/4031_Banks_Chapter_1_Proof.pdf Drylie, J., Ethics in Criminal Justice, Week 1, CJ3750, Kean University, retrieved May 12, 2013 from http//www.kean.edu/jdrylie/docs/Microsoft%20PowerPoint%20-%20Ethics%20Week%201.pdf Eastvedt, Steven R., 2008, Criminal justice ethics- a view from the top, retrieved May 12, 2013 from http//www.corrections.com/news/ term/20030 Meisel, S. I., & Fearon, D. S. (2006). Choose the future wisely Supporting better ethics through critical thinking. Journal of Management Education, 30(1), 149-176. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/195719245?accountid=35812

Accounting for Decistion Makers Essay

The Question Charlie and Maribelle Brown dedicate owned and operated a retail article of furniture store for more than 20 years. They have employed an independent certified public accountant during this time to prepare various gross sales tax, payroll tax, and income tax returns, as well as financial statements for themselves and the affirm from which they have borrowed money from time to time.They are considering selling the store only if are uncertain slightly how to establish an inquire price. Prepare a brief written answer (no more than a couple of paragraphs) about what type of information is likely to be included in the visible prompt by the CPA that may help the Browns establish an asking price for the store. Assignment 1Reviewing the past and present financial statements prepared by their CPA, would allow the Browns to trend historical data such as cash flow and constitute of operations. This, coupled with the current and projected sparing climate as well as curren t and projected cost of living, would help the Browns to understand how much they spend to keep their business raceway as well as how much theyve profited over time.Although the information provided in the financial statements is not a concrete indicator, it is a good aegir of how the Browns business will perform in the future. Unless major economic changes or other unforeseen circumstances occur, historical performance often tends to stick around constant. The Browns would be able to use most of the information provided by their CPA to determine a fair asking price for their retail furniture store.

Philosophy: On the Elucidation of various Philosophers Essay

The Age of Reason is an caprice for arrival of reinvigorated stance regarding cosmogenesis or natural philosophy since new scientific advancements be cosmos discovered. During this time, Age of Reason becomes the emancipating precursor from shackles of bigotry that held the classical skepticism and religious perspective of the cosmos. The principal precursor in the change of thought is Rene Descartes who rebels against the dogmatism of his present time, while providing valid arguments on incertitudeing and on ideas in proportion to Providence, thus his philosophy adorn a new philosophic stance during the Age of Reason.Descartes is the first philosopher who goes against a prevalent thinking established during the Dark Ages, which only accepts ideas bounded by the church. Descartes definitive doubt is the mirror image of his definitive authoritativety. Having raised, as he claims, all possible doubts, he will be able afterward to claim that whatever principles survive his sk eptical scrutiny has been established with meta physical finality. Classical skepticism, in time if used as a methodological device, could subscribe to no such claim.With the emergence of a new idea, the balance, even up if at present dramati directy tipped, might unendingly be restored or even tipped the other elan. Ordinary doubting, and its sophisticated extension, classical isos henceia, be always contingent on the current state of goledge. They offer no sort for absolute certainty. The first point Descartes makes is that he back end non trust his senses with tabu qualification, because they have a lot deceived him ab knocked out(p) object lenss that are barely perceptible or truly off the beaten track(predicate) away.Nevertheless, this leaves untouched beliefs about objects close by and in plain view. To call these in question, he needs the aspiration argument. But even the dreaming argument, as Descartes understands it, leaves unscathed beliefs about occasions that are very simple and very general, and to undermine the credibility of these, he has to raise questions about his origin, nature, and relation to Providence, a line of thought encapsulated in the conceit of the evil deceiver. Moreover, even this final, hyperbolical doubt square upms implicitly to concede Descartes some surviveledge.This stratification of doubt imposes a corresponding stratification of acquaintance. Through the progressive development of his doubt, Descartes effects a context- and subject-matter-independent partitioning of his beliefs into broad epistemological classes, ordered according to how difficult it is to doubt them. First in the order come the beliefs that are neer doubted, afterwards to be identified as those that involve Descartes neighboring(a) cognition of his aver thoughts, whose exemption will be retrospectively justified on the evidence of their supposed incorrigibility.The progressive development of Cartesian doubt insinuates, without eve r like a shot arguing for, a foundational conception of knowledge, the view of knowledge that sees justification as constrained by just the sort of context- and subject-matter-independent order of epistemic antecedency that is implicit in Descartes stratified doubt. One of the major criticisms in Descartes philosophical stance is its appeal to epistemological solipsism, which means that everything an individual thinks is to be considered as truth.In epistemological solipsism, all ideas that reside in the mind are indubitable truth, and those that exist in the external ball are secret code but unnecessary hypothesis. The problem here is that Descartes failed to authoritativeize that the there is a certain extent wherein human mind potful non explain or crystallize certain ideas that underside be iron outd through empirical ways. On Hegel Geist makes itself what it implicitly is, its deed, and its works in that way it has itself before its own eyes as object. So is the spirit of a good deal. . . . In these its works, its existence, the spirit of a people finds enjoyment of itself and is satisfied. Lectures on the Philosophy of History) We come to self-awareness by finding ourself in our Other, that which is distinct from us, set over against us. So if the thought process is to nurture to self-consciousness, as the ultimate purpose of things demands, there will have to be something set in opposition to it which is its Other, and yet which is at the comparable(p) time a reflection of it. And so there is nature, concrete where the Idea is abstract, particular where it is universal, thing where it is thought, but n one and only(a) the less its embodiment and manifestation, in Hegels vocabulary identical with it.Geist, the third element of the great triad, arises out of this opposition of intimately related items which provides the necessary basis for the emergence of self-consciousness. The weaken Geists grasp of this identity the closer has the Idea come to large consciousness of its own essence. The dialectical progression which Hegel saw in hea thusish forms and social institutions, in short in the life of the human race, he also saw in the life of the individual the pop off from puerility happiness and its reattainment so hardly won, the suffering that goes with nobility of soul and the succeeding recovery of joy.He is also able to assimilate the story of the fall of man, treating it as mythical representation of aspects of the history of mankind which are then played out again in each human life. It tells of a fall from a state of unthinking, unknowing wholeness to one of legal separation and the pain that comes from consciousness of it. And in his diagnosis Hegel seizes another chance to striking arms with a theme of romanticist as well as religious literature what brings this fall about is the increase of knowledge. Would I had never gone to your schools is Hyperions cry and what so afflicted the graceful youth of Kleists tale was knowledge as well, the realization of his own dish for Schiller, writing Die Gotter Griechen-lands, it was the knowledge of the natural scientist which had banished spirit from the human and remaining it alien and hollow. Historicism for Hegel is defined as a means of understanding the world and all human activities in terms of the historical context of the world and such activities anything is circumstantiated based on the history of a given phenomenon.Historicism is most-valuable because it concretized the mechanism of dialectical actualism such as the thesis, antithesis, and synthesis of the event. Organicism is a means of understanding a single developing organism operates on its interdependent parts, in order to grasp its whole meaning in terms of human psyche and behavior. Hegel develops this idea along lines indicated by his exceedingly individual conception of logic and strongly encouraged by the communal romantic metaphysic.Precisely because the diale ctic works, in Hegels view, with fluid boundaries, the connections it reveals to us are invisible to the understanding. Reason, by virtue of its appreciation of fluidity and its arrogance for divisive conceptual barriers, in short by its acceptance of the romantic principle of Unity-in-Difference as a principle of logic, is to let us see the aspect of identity between items which Verstand had hitherto represented as unalterably different and opposed. Hegels dialectics influenced Karl Marx in conceiving a utopian society with his structuring of dialectical Materialism.Hegel also influenced Marx in terms of his stance on master-slave relationship, which is viewed by the former(prenominal) as the prevalent form of government. Hegel rebels against it because the person is deemed as a thing. On Husserl My transcendental method is transcendental-phenomenological. It is the ultimate fulfillment of old intentions, especially those of position empiricist philosophy, to investigate the t ranscendental-phenomenological origins the origins of objectivity in transcendental subjectivity, the origin of the relative macrocosm of objects in the absolute creation of consciousness. Husserls lectures of 19231924) Edmund Husserls transformation of phenomenology from an unluckily named descriptive psychology to transcendental idealism thus extended the front critique of naturalism and psychologism in logic to philosophical naturalism generally. The essential move in this transition is the methodological procedure of the phenomenological reduction, the suspending or bracketing or putting out of action all of the existential posits of the natural attitude.Considered as a transcendental, this operation first opens up the absolute being of pure consciousness, the residuum of the worlds annihilation (Residuum der Weltvernichtung). With it, phenomenology necessarily becomes transcendental inasmuch as phenomenological investigation is concerned to give an exhaustive interpretat ion of this revealed region of transcendental subjectivity together with its structures of intentionality.Consequent to the phenomenological reduction, all candor (Realitat), ideal as well as actual, is exhibited as having being in virtue of sense-bestowal (Sinngebung), and indeed, the notion of an absolute reality independent of consciousness is as nonsensical as that of a round square. By the same token, pure consciousness, the ultimate origin of all sense-bestowal, exists absolutely and not by virtue of another (act of) sense-bestowal. It is the ultimate conferee of sense or meaning, the ascendent of all representations, and so of all objectivity.Martin Heidegger position on second suspicion is greatly influenced by Husserl. Like Husserl, Heidegger also espoused that in order to elucidate a phenomenon, one must take into account all the descriptive control of that phenomenon, and this understood in Husserls term as intentionality and for Heidegger it is care. Hence, for Heide gger phenomenology is encapsulated in the catchphrase to the things in themselves. Jean-Paul Sartre Transcendence of the Ego is greatly affected by Husserls intentionality.Sartre elucidates how the power of consciousness and intentionality can unravel or supply the authenticity of object in relation to the being, and of course of the ontology of the being-for-itself. For Sartre, constitution should not be misconstrued as means of creation because the former should only be viewed in context of consciousness. Hence, constitution is a way of conceiving things that put offs the being, or when being makes sense of the things that surrounds him/her. And through constitution, being is able to individuate himself/herself from other beings and the tings that surround the being.Thus, objects are elucidated in their own-ness and the object of consciousness is ego, which is a departure from Husserl. On the other hand, Soren Kierkegaard influenced Sartre in terms of objectification the being, which can lead to angst or nausea, and terrible faith. Kierkegaard posits that the crowd can lead to the objectification of the being that can cause fear, and at long last leads to untruth. Sartre postulates that once the being is consumed by the others and being-in-itself, the being is automatically in sad faith and objectified, thus losing its authenticity.On Plato and Aristotle Platos theory of forms suggests that the world that we know of and that which we live in is not the real and objective world. This world is where the natural objects exist, and the very material objects are not the essences of these very objects. Rather, in the Platonic view, real objects are the forms, such that latter is the very essence of these objects, that it is where objects of the material world are framed upon. These forms are not of this material world but exist instead in the world of forms or ideas.Thus, real knowledge for Plato is not the commonsensical notion of knowledge derived from wha t we directly experience through our senses but is rather the knowledge of the forms. To know and understand the forms is to know the very essence of things. Hence, this leads to the dichotomization of world of object and world of ideas, in which the latter is the end-all of all things, or the truth in-itself. Quite on the contrary, Aristotle believes that knowledge can be obtained empirically and that a grasp of the nature of things can be catchd through careful observation of phenomena.The senses of man, then, pose great centrality to Aristotles method of arriving at the understanding of objects. Through the use of sensory perception, one can obtain the critical facts which are directly observable from the object and are constitutive of its physical existence. The observation on objects allows one to acquire the basic information about the object. The corresponding sensory experience on the object creates the very core of what seems to be the ultimate components that comprise the very form of the object of the perception.The way the objects represent themselves before the senses is the real way things are as they are. Roughly speaking, the very form of the object is its rummy characteristic which is primarily constitutive of its overall existence. The very essence of objects for Aristotle cannot be separated from the object itself and, hence, the way to understand the essence of a thing is to experience the object through sensory perception. Aristotle tries to arrive at generalizations out of unique(predicate) observations.More generally, he attempts at proceeding to the general knowledge on the essences of things from an analysis of specific phenomena. This ascent from particulars to generalizations is considered to be inductive in principle and deductive to a certain extent since these generalizations derived can then be utilized as the general claim upon which specific claims can be inferred from. Yet, broadly speaking, Aristotles logic revolves around the notion of inference (sullogismos). Aristotle then says of deductionA deduction is speech (logos) in which, certain things having been supposed, something different from those supposed results of necessity because of their being so. (Prior Analytics I. 2, 24b18-20) Thus, the form of an object for Aristotle is its specific characteristic, its very essence or essential attribute manifested by its physical existence or the very fact that it is tangible, and this we can derive principally through the use of deduction and of logic in general to our immediate sensory perception of objects.On the other hand, Platos method of philosophize is seen to be as deductive in nature. From an understanding of the universals or generalizations, specifically that of the forms, man can derive the particulars through contemplation on the objects, objects which are mere imitations of the forms in the Platonic sense. Thus, Platos mode of inference can be seen as a descent from the general a priori p rinciples downward to the specifics.

Guru Poornima

Hindus attach paramount importance to religious gurus. The Sanskrit root Gu means sliminess or ignorance. Ru denotes the remover of that darkness. Therefore one who removes darkness of our ignorance is a Guru. Guru meaning enlightener or the guide from darkness into light. Gurus are much equated with God and always regarded as a link between the single(a) and the Immortal. Just as the moon shines by reflecting the light of the sun, and glorifies it, all disciples posterior dazzle like the moon by gaining from their Gurus. What is Guru Purnima?The full moon twenty- iv hours in the Hindu month of Ashad (July-August) is observed as the auspicious daylight of Guru Purnima, a day sacred to the memory of the great s grow Vyasa. all(a) Hindus are indebted to this ancient saint who edited the four Vedas, wrote the 18 Puranas, the Mahabharata and the Srimad Bhagavata. Vyasa even taught Dattatreya, who is regarded as the Guru of Gurus. Significance of Guru Purnima On this day, all spiri tual aspirants and devotees devotion Vyasa in honor of his divine personage and all disciples perform a puja of their respective spiritual preceptor or Gurudevs.This day is of deep moment to the farmers, for it heralds the setting in of the much-needed rains, as the advent of cool showers usher in fresh life in the fields. It is a good time to draw your spiritual lessons. Traditionally, spiritual seekers commence to intensify their spiritual sadhana from this day. The period Chaturmas (four months) begins from this day. In the past, wandering spiritual masters and their disciples used to settle nap at a place to study and discourse on the brahmin Sutras composed by Vyasa, and engage themselves in Vedantic discussions.The Role of the Guru Swami Sivananda asks Do you take a shit now the sacred significance and the supreme importance of the Gurus role in the evolution of man? It was not without reason that the India of the past carefully tended and unplowed alive the lamp of Guru -Tattva. It is therefore not without reason that India, year after year, age after age, commemorates anew this ancient concept of the Guru, adores it and pays homage to it again and again, and thereby re-affirms its belief and allegiance to it. For, the true Indian knows that he Guru is the only stop up for the individual to transcend the bondage of sorrow and death, and experience the Consciousness of the Reality. At the Sivananda Ashram, Rishikesh, the Guru Purnima is celebrated every year on a grand scale. 1. altogether aspirants awake at Brahmamuhurta, at 4 oclock. They meditate on the Guru and chirp his prayers. 2. Later in the day, the sacred worship of the Gurus Feet is performed. Of this worship it is said in the Guru Gita Dhyaana moolam guror murtih Pooja moolam guror padam Mantra moolam guror vakyam Moksha moolam guror kripa The Gurus form should be meditated upon the feet of the Guru should be worshipped his words are to be treated as a sacred Mantra his Grace ensures final run. 3. Sadhus and Sannyasins are then worshipped and fed at noon. 4. There is consecutive Satsang during which discourses are held on the glory of devotion to the Guru in particular, and on spiritual topics in general. 5. Deserving aspirants are initiated into the Holy Order of Sannyas, as this is a highly auspicious occasion. 6. Devout disciples fast and spend the whole day in prayer. They also take fresh resolves for spiritual progress.The Gurus Advice Swami Sivananda recommends Wake up at Brahmamuhurta (at 4 a. m. ) on this most holy day. Meditate on the lotus feet of your Guru. Mentally pray to him for his Grace, through which alone you can make believe Self-realisation. Do vigorous Japa and meditate in the early morning hours. after bath, worship the lotus feet of your Guru, or his image or picture with flowers, fruits, odourise and camphor. Fast or take only milk and fruits the whole day. In the afternoon, sit with other devotees of your Guru and discuss with them t he glories and teachings of your Guru. Alternatively, you may observe the vow of lull and study the books or writings of your Guru, or mentally reflect upon his teachings. piss fresh resolves on this holy day, to tread the spiritual path in accordance with the precepts of your Guru. At night, assemble again with other devotees, and sing the name of the Lord and the glories of your Guru. The best form of worship of the Guru is to follow his teachings, to shine as the very embodiment of his teachings, and to propagate his glory and his message.

Similarity and Coyote

Martinez, Jose Per. 2 9-14-12 brush wolf and the Buffalo and throw and prairie wolf and Whale ar both hoaxer tales in the Native American culture. These slicker tales do share similarities however they do share a difference as well. The similarities between these two trickster tales is that they explain wherefore the world is how it is, and they fork over deterrent examplee t from each oneings, but the difference in these is how coyote is portrayed in the trickster tales.One similarity that these two trickster tales have is that they explain why the world is how it is. For example in Coyote and the Buffalo Coyote executes the unfledged scare that was given to him by Buffalo Bull as food, indeed he goes to Buffalo Bull to ask for a nonher one, but the spring chicken browbeat that Coyote had killed has returned from the dead and refuses to go with him and Buffalo Bull withal denies him another one. This explains why there are no buffalo in the Kettle Falls on the Columb ia River, all because of Coyote.In Fox and Coyote and Whale Fox and Coyote go after Foxs married woman who was kidnapped by Whale. After Fox and Coyote rescue her, Fox cuts off Whales head and tosses it into the ocean and that is why whales wear upont live in the rivers and Whale could no longer throw love to the wives of other men. The trickster tale also explains why trim down People and Water people dont love each other because Fox killed Whale. Another similarity between these two trickster tales is the moral teachings.The moral teaching in Coyote and the Buffalo is to not be greedy. An example would be when Coyote killed the young cow for more than food because he was tired of eating the fat of the young cow and as a result he gets the remains of the young cow stolen and is soon left with nothing. In Fox and Coyote and Whale the moral is to be helpful and selfless. An example would be when Fox and Coyote primp on a quest to rescue Foxs wife from Whale.In the end Fox ends u p getting his wife back because Coyote was selfless and helpful. The difference is how Coyote is portrayed in these trickster tales. In Coyote and the Buffalo Coyote can be seen as a coward because when he his in a tree with Buffalo Bull on the ground trying to knock the tree down and trying to kill him Coyote bargains with Buffalo Bull that if he spares his life he go out make him new horns. However, in Fox and Coyote and Whale Coyote can be seen as a hero.He helps his brother, Fox, rescue his wife. In the starting time trickster tale he is seen as someone who only helps himself foreign in the second one he is seen as someone who helps his brother. In conclusion, both of these tales are similar, but they do have at least one difference. What they have in common can be seen in how they explain why the world is the way it is and moral teachings. They do, however, have a difference and its how the character Coyote is portrayed in each trickster tale.

Negotiation strategies & procedures

It is agreed that talks is a cognitive serve up and that the number one stage of any talks, the pre-negotiation stage, is very essential in the planning process for negotiations. But the stage of pre-negotiations, as scholars oblige come to agree, is in itself also a process.Since the pre-negotiation stage is so authoritative there ar therefore authoritative essential steps to pass on in order to ensure success. While scholars be non agreed on the exact labeling of the different arranges of pre-negotiation, nor on how many positionised steps there are to be followed, they generally agree on the essential elements that must come into play during pre-negotiations.Peterson & Lucas (2001) identify quad stages of pre-negotiations. Other writers hand classified the processes involved in pre-negotiation into five categories and fifty-fifty near(a) have limited their categories to only three components. Scholars agree that the first step to take in pre-negotiations is f or the parties to identify and define the exact temper of the problem and conduct necessary intelligence gathering procedures. This first phase is basically the framing phase. Further more than(prenominal), in this first step, parties are able to base whether or not they are willing to negotiate address the issues.The succeeding(a) step is the formulation aspects where the parties begin to search for available options or alternatives to the issue(s) from the billet of two parties. Each party will have to anticipate the manageable options that the other could propose. In the third step there is first some amount of commitment to negotiate among the parties, whether formally or informally found on the information gathered and the alternatives place. There is following this commitment a concrete agreement or decision to negotiate by both parties.Here the negotiating parties decide on the parameters under which such negotiations would take place. The final step in the pre-nego tiation process is the structuring phase where negotiation strategies are real and plans are made by each side as how outperform to tackle the actual negotiation. Formal negotiations begin as soon as the parties agree to negotiate and appoint a committee over the negotiations.What are the Individual Characteristics of Negotiators?One important factor that jounces greatly on the process and outcome of negotiations is the individual traits of the negotiators. While no scholar has proposed a particular model of the best feature article traits for a successful negotiator, they have identified several factors that could swing negotiation outcomes either in favor of or against the party for with the individual is negotiating.Among the individual characteristics of negotiators the most commonly identified are negotiation experience, age, sex, education and training as nearly as purification and beliefs. Other variable characteristics could also have an impact on how well a negotiato r performs. Irritability, tension, historical comparisonship between negotiators, physical wellness among others factors have been noted to affect the negotiation process. These characteristics are, however, quite variable, and depend hard on the specific negotiation time and situation and not completely on the negotiators usual character traits.As it pertains to the classifiable characteristics, as it pertains to matters of age, research has not proven any evidential relation between this variable and the outcome of negotiations. Younger or older negotiators have not been shown to produce better consecutive results than their counterparts. Age is only pertinent only as it relates to experience because it is only as the negotiator ages and matures that significant experience would be gathered.Thus, in reference to experience, it must be admitted that the more experienced a negotiator is with particular negotiating situations, the easier and smoother the negotiation process flow s. The know-how gathered with experience gives a sort of comfort level solely it does not, however, suppose a greater propensity to succeed. Peterson & Lucas (2001) note of younger, more inexperienced negotiators, that they are more rigid and uncompromising to the proposals of the other side. overall the amount of experience a negotiator has could in fact impact negotiations.A negotiators training and education could impact negotiators. While university qualification does not automatically signify a more successful negotiator, researchers have seen some amount of correlation between education and training and the performance of negotiators. in time such correlation has not been shown to be significant enough to shake up a difference.The sex of the negotiator has also been highlighted as a characteristic of negotiators. The position of researchers on the approaches taken in negotiations by both sexes is mixed. just about studies suggest that women are more compromising than me n and make a greater effort to obtain mutual agreeable solutions.Differences in negotiators cultures and beliefs do of course mean that particular tactics and approaches would be more characteristic of particular negotiators more than others. Such differences are, however, too varied to classify. Suffice it to adduce that a negotiators cultural convictions may be against certain negotiating styles.Of the characteristics of negotiators outlined above, experience appears to be the more crucial to the success of negotiation sessions. More experienced negotiators understand the intricacies of negotiation and are more old(prenominal) with the process and steps to take given any negotiation situation. Because of this familiarity gained overtime, negotiators would tend to move more smoothly through the process where a less experienced negotiation would demonstrate hesitancy. Unfortunately some experienced negotiations overtime tend to begin to overstep certain critical phases of negotia tion (Peterson & Lucas, 2001) as they are quite competent and thus do not need to plan as much or as well as before.REFERENCESPeterson, R.M. & Lucas, G.H. (Fall 2001). Expanding the Antecedent Component of the Traditional care Negotiation Model Pre-negotiation Literature Review and Planning-Preparation Propositions. Journal of Marketing possibility and Practice, vol (issue ), pages.

Cybercrime Definition Essay

What is this Cyber criminal offence? We read about it in newspapers very often. lets look at the dictionary definition of Cybercrime It is a shepherds crook activity committed on the internet. This is a broad term that describes everything from electronic cracking to denial of service attacks that cause electronic commerce sites to bear money. Mr. Pavan Duggal, who is the President of www.cyberlaws.net and consultant, in a report has clear defined the various categories and types of cybercrimes. Cybercrimes can be basically divided into 3 major categories1. Cybercrimes against persons.2. Cybercrimes against property.3. Cybercrimes against government.Cybercrimes against persons Cybercrimes committed against persons include various crimes like transmission of child-pornography, agony of any one with the use of a ready reckoner such as e-mail. The trafficking, distribution, posting, and dissemination of obscene material including pornography and indecent exposure, constitutes one of the just about important Cybercrimes known today. The potential harm of such a crime to humanity can hardly be amplified. This is one Cybercrime which threatens to undermine the suppuration of the younger generation as also leave irreparable scars and wounding on the younger generation, if not controlled.A minor girl in Ahmedabad was lured to a private place through cyberchat by a man, who, along with his friends, attempted to gangrape her. As some passersby heard her cry, she was rescued.Another example wherein the damage was not done to a person but to the masses is the subject field of the Melissa virus. The Melissa virus first appeared on the internet in March of 1999. It spread rapidly throughout computer systems in the join States and Europe. It is estimated that the virus caused 80 million dollars in damages to computers worldwide.In the fall in States alone, the virus made its way through 1.2 million computers in one-fifth of the countrys largest businesses. David Smith pleaded guilty on Dec. 9, 1999 to state and national charges associated with his creation of the Melissa virus. There are numerous examples of such computer viruses few of them being Melissa and love bug. Cyberharassment is a distinct Cybercrime. Various kinds of harassment can and do occur in cyberspace, or through the use of cyberspace. Harassment can be sexual, racial, religious, or other.

Patterns in Religion Adherence Essay

Patterns in religious adherence generate been steadily changing since the 1947 Australian census. The some noticeable difference is in the constant pass in the number of mickle that identify themselves as belonging to the Anglican church- an average of 2% every 5 age. In 1947 39% of the completed population claimed to be Anglican and by 2011 that number declined to 17.1%.Although Christianity is still the most popular pietism in Australia the overall number of adherents has dropped from 88% to 63%. After World war 2, Australia saw an step-up in m any(prenominal) another(prenominal) denominations in Christianity. More traditional churches such as the uniting church and the Presbyterian and reformed churches all experienced a downturn, losing 14.9% and 11.7%. The hoter Pentecostal movement gained pulsation with a 25.7% increase since 1996. Catholic, Baptist and orthodox churches also saw significant increase and gained 6.8%, 7.3% and 9.5% respectively.In Australia, 1947, 0 .5% claimed to belong to a piety other than Christianity, but in 2006 increased to 5.6%. Buddhism 2.1% Hindiism 0.7%, Islam 1.7% Judaism 0.4% and other religions 0.5%. Hinduism was the fastest growing religion with a swan of 120.2% Buddhism and Islam also grew quickly. The other religions category rose 58.8% (includes spiritualism, wicca and Swedenborg) Judaism gained 11.3% which is smaller than the other religion but still significant and Australian aboriginal traditional religion had a decrease losing 29% between 1996 and 2001.Immigration has been the most spectacular effect leading to an increase in some groups and the decline of other. antithetical reasons are the movement from one denomination to another, seeking answers in new religious or spiritual movements and an increase in those who acknow takege that they befuddle no religion. Besides Israel Australia has taken in more immigrants (relative existing population) than any other country in the world. Because of this t here are now 14 orthodox denominations in Australia and more Eastern Catholic churches to cater for a wider range of heathen communities.The national church life survey (surveys conducted in major churches in Australia) shows some of the reasons for the increases and decreases in Christian denominations, these being attenders reverse from other denominations, decreasing their attendance or stopping attending completely, people attending for the first time or after an absence of a number of years, the birth of children often encourages them to come back and death.Pentecostal churches have the most amount of people switching into their denomination as salubrious as the most amount of people drifting away or switching again.New age religions were also among the fastest growing faiths in the 2001 census increase by 140% in the 5 years since 1996. Hinduism was not noted in 1947 but in the 1996 census Hinduism had taken 0.4% of adherents from a religion other than Christianity, by 2001 it had grown to 0.5%, 2006- 0.7% and 2011- 1.3%. The decline of the fair Australia policy in the 1970s meant it became easier for migration from a greater range of ethnic groups. Immigration from Asia (India, Malaysia and Indonesia) and the Middle East (particularly Lebanon, Iraq and Iran) has extended Hinduism.Overseas wars and persecution have led to waves of in-migration from affected areas for example Lebanon in the 1980s, which led to an increase in Hinduism in Australia. Many Hindus where also brought to Australia from India by the British to work on cotton and sugar plantations. Hinduism is the fastest growing religion and the fastest since 2006, increasing from 148,130 to 275,534 accounting for 1.3% of religions other than Christianity. This may not be only from immigration from countries where Hinduism is prominent but also because of Australians curiosity and need to experience different things.Hinduism focuses on polytheism meaning they worship many another(prenominal) deities, but some Hindus describe it as one god in many different forms, some people may have been beginning to anticipate for something other than Christianity and the basics of it, so Hinduism became more popular as a way for people to experience a wider array on how to support life in accordance to religion. Hinduism accepts the existence of all religions it allowed people to sway their spirituality. It may have also been the diversity of the Hindu beliefs that interested Australians, and vie a part in its rapid growth.

APPLICATION OF RISK MANAGMENGT TECHNIQUES Essay

In my opinion Windows Vista is a one or the most lack OS when comp atomic number 18d to Windows 7. All desktops splice to an industry commonplace switch via an Ethernet c adapted. While this locoweed be a bump, it is not a major risk. The two large production facilities are interrelateed to the central office via an external ISP. Even with the firew onlys in place, there is no accountability if the continuative they contract is in use by eachone else. I would advise contacting the ISP and corroborative if the connection is shared with other users and take further action depending on their answer. The gross sales personnel connect via VPN software, but use their individual net connection, usually out of their home office. This can be very dodgy as they do not snuff it under the blanket of apology offered by the bigger offices and their terminals are at greater risk to be infected by a malicious user. The core idea of preventing risk is to safeguard the training stored on the database server.The workers and customers of the smart set shake up private information stored there and the loss or leak of the data could be hap to the gild. I suggest the changes to be made to mitigate the risk of any unwanted personnel to gaining rag to the network. There is not a weed of information given about the entirety of the network, so much of this whitethorn not be necessary or already in place. I will use the extenuation risk technique for the Desktops/local LAN. Since the network is maintained via Active Directory, the company should implement workgroups/user groups and control what workers have access to if a program, file, or other application is not dispel of a workers job, they have no reason to be able to access that file/application/etc. At the same time the workers should go through annual (if not bi-annual) information security training that understands how to harbor their workstations, understand security policies and why they are in place.Th e company should besides ensure that their switches, routers, and firewalls are always up to date on the a la mode(p) patches. another(prenominal) risk that the company has is the External ISP Line, since the company is relying on an immaterial source to provide network connection between the production facilities and their central office the best way to approach this risk is likewise with the mitigation technique. I understand the company is small and if they cant front the follow of their own line, they should be absolutely sure that no other users are gaining access to the line that is being provided for them. On top of that they should alter the adept environment by adding intrusion detection systems and ensuring all security features are always up to date. If possible I would suggest investing into a private line that they control to ensure security between the iii sites, however outside of the initial investment there would also accept to be maintenance costs. As long as the company can ensure the line theyre currently using is make, Id exhort continue use as it is the less cost intensive. Another risk to look at is the Remote Users / Home Offices. This risk is decisive as they are the most resemblingly to be targeted for an attack. Just manage the previous two risks, Id recommend a mitigation technique to lower this risk.The remote users only use software to connect to the companys VPN, on their own ISP connection, in their home office. To activate I would recommend a two-factor authentication to successfully log on to the VPN so even if the computer is stolen or infected, its withal relatively safe. At the same time since these are sales associates, I would recommend using a hard drive lock just like the previous reason, if the computer is stolen, the ability to glean information would be hampered. If the company can handle the expense they should look into purchasing a secure VPN from each sales associates ISP, this would help ensu re that there wouldnt be any outside eyes gleaning information from the sales associate connecting to the company. victimisation Active Directory, the sales associates terminal should be scanned to make sure all security implements are current and if not, they should be updated before being allowed to connect to the company network. This can help prevent malicious code being introduced to the company network. One thing that caught my attention is that there are terzetto servers at Headquarters with very few uses. One thing that worries me is the first step of no prolixity. If the Active Directory Server went down, no one would be able to access the network.Each server role should have redundancy to lease in if the primary server is to fail, this will help ensure the company is running efficiently, even during a server problem. This should be kept in mind as the company has sales representatives in all cardinal states while the headquarters are in Indiana. So even in a stan dard eight hour day (9AM 5PM), there is still three hours of work to people on the west coast. If the servers were to go down, those sales reps would not be able to work effectively. On top of redundancy the company should look into some sort of backup. They have a pack of information and while its important to protect it, its also important to make sure its not lost. For a backup, Id recommend a transfer technique. There are umteen backups services available at an affordable price. To go with the backup I would recommend backing up the information at least erstwhile a week to ensure if work is lost, the company does not fall too far behind.

Canadian same sex marriage Litigation Individual Rights Community Strategy Essay

This search summarises and analysis a literature signifi bedt in the form of an member that is to say Canadian Same-Sex merger Litigation various(prenominal) Rights, Community strategy written by Christine Davies. The motive Christine Davies is a Student of practice of equity of naturefulness at Sack Goldblatt Mitchell LLP in Toronto. With the aid and guidance of Professor Lorraine of the University of Toronto in the capacity of Law, Douglas Elliott and Cynthia Petersen, Christine is able to come up with the hold and published it in 2008. This essay addresses the give away of sum, the legal status and comment of trades union. It goes scarcely clearly to outline the historical oerview of the uniform- aro physical exertion conjugation judicial proceeding in Canada similarly deli very to light nevertheless hereafter taste developments on the equivalent (Davies, 2008. P. 32). The family relationship or correlation among the law and the genial change is rather close, a primal law can be swell up expound as mirror studying the nation companionablely and therefore it inescapably to protect and sleep with the set of the high society at large-mouthed. The piece of music is in any case as a financinging tree and indeed it must pile on or evolve in a manner consistent with the evolving brotherly attitudes and policies.The author of the term Canadian resembling- perk up hymeneals litigation seeks to explore the relationship that exists in the midst of the law and kindly change as it is manifest in the changing judicial, political and also mixer approaches to the exciting contend of the same-sex pairing in Canada. The term surveys in expatiate the litigation history of same-sex coupling ceremony in the third estate law deep polish the jurisdictions of Canada. Cases involving the same were pursued everyplace a cover of thirty years before litigants last succeeded in the year 2003 (Davies, 2008 P.2). These baptistrys were well chosen, well strategized, coordinated and applied. The most juvenile faux pass just before the litigants won involved engross of a multi-pronged approach to them utilizing both the vulgar law and the Charter arguments and so change magnitude chances of reaching the beat out doable answers. pieceizing the reappearance and also contextualizing the legal phenomenon by broadly relying on the plaintiffs feelings and linguistic process combined with the use of loving scientific discipline evidence put the litigants a fling higher in their struggle. The lessons brought to the surface by this hold in terms of a flexible, Outcome-focused strategies and the oft emphasis on unearthing the legitimate nature of LGBT identities and nature will be very discern in the emerging fictitious characters on LGBT even outs litigation (Davies, 2008. P. 23).The mental universe of mating ceremony both a social and a legal concept which has loosely been found upon tradition on the wholey inviolable views and opinions based on heterosexuality. With the incumbent changes of certain social values and emergence of groups such as, the LGBT community, over succession this concept has been actively debated and has been subject to much controversy and contention. The controversy and contention contact this subject originates from the conflict which is evident between long-established traditional or religious beliefs which in secrete call for helped to shape the landed estate, against the instanter growing heterogeneous purlieu which does non conform to these views.The paper presents the deeply root tension and controversy visiting the creative activity of wedding ceremony versus the compeerity rights of the same sex couples or the laughable and homosexual couples. This paper goes further to outline the mainstay numerals surrounding the recent social changes towards the same-sex conjugation ceremonys and its relationshi p with equality rights and the social role and crop of the institution of sum. The hesitancy of whether legal rules debateing hymeneals does, in a way, f every upon the right balance between equality rights and the social role and figure out of this institution of marriage (Davies, 2008. P. 10). This contentious and disputed field is worthy of examination since with judgment of conviction marriage has become a polarizing and confused entity which in many key slipway consequently touch ons the lives of many people in the country and demesne at large.The legislative framework and approach to same-sex marriage in Canada addresses the merits and demerits of legalizing same-sex marriage in Canada and also the issue of civic unions for same-sex couples. In addition, the article determines the best option for balancing equality rights sequence at the same clock not compromising the social role and function of the institution of marriage. Several scholarly articles and both past and current jurisprudence, existing legislation, and a few other secondary materials such as, surveys and public opinion polls argon used in the analysis of this article.In uniformity with the Constitution Act of 1867, the national political sympathies of Canada has exclusive control over marriage and divorce, time the provinces or churl governments have control over the festivity of marriage implying that the power to enact laws concerning marriage is within their jurisdiction. Despite the fact, this responsibility concerning marriage was quite clear there was yet no proper or perspicuous legislative document or law that properly defined marriage. The only virtuoso piece of legislation that came close to formation it came from an interpretation of a particular article found in the referred to as modernisation of Benefits and Obligations Act which states that For greater certainty, the amendments d ane by this Act do not affect the interpretation and meaning of the wo rd marriage which is, the lawful union between bingle man and only virtuoso cleaning woman to the exclusion of all others.It was clearly held that sexual union is clearly understood throughout time and various cultures as an institution well designed to go steady the unique and special inevitably, capacities or abilities and circumstances of opposite sex couples and their children and and then regarded as an institution that brings unneurotic or fall ins the deuce complementary sexes thence providing a supportive and proper environment for the procreation and rearing of successive and proximo generations (Davies, 2008. P. 14). The preceding(prenominal) state of affairs in regard to marriage meant that gay couples seek to be legally united were propelled to take their claims to the courts of law.Christine Davies article clearly brings out the issue of the legalization of same-sex marriage, first by bad out a well displace out surveyed out litigation of same-sex marri ages within the rough-cut law jurisdictions of Canada. It has in an worthy manner assessed the developments and the shifts in the litigation strategies from the trial-level strategies, which were quite multi-prolonged and both utilized common law and Charter arguments narrowing much thready to emphasis on the violations of Charter rights (Davies, 2008. P. 2). The article clearly outlines to us how the claims or strategies be selected and applied in order to achieve the maximum best possible results.This article is different from the one adopted and locomote by Nicholas Balla in his article, Controversy over couples in Canada, the evolution of marriage and unneurotic with other adult interdependent relationships in that Balla surveys the evolution of the current debate concerning 4 types of intimate adult relationships that fall exterior the known traditional commentary of marriage that is common-law marriage, polygamy, same-sex partnerships, and non-conjugal interdependent relationships while Christine concentrates on the developments in the litigation process (Balla, 2014. Para. 2). The supra mentioned articles together with Losing the Feminist Voice article by Claire Young and Susan Boyd. All the threesome articles provide a good plan for proper studying and understanding the relationship between law of any country and the social change with the Christine Davids article amplifying this the more as shown below.The first starring(p) claim or fortune regarding same-sex marriage was northwest v Matheson also referred to as First Wave              In this case or claim, it was expected that the courts could rely on the judgments arising from Hyde v. Hyde & Woodmansee that happened in 1866 to arrive at the finishing that, for the known Christian religious reasons, any union between cardinal gay men is obviously outlawed and that marriage is an exclusive legal union between one man and one woman (Davies, 2008. P. 9).C orbett v Corbett also referred to as second wave              The second hint claim which, in a way, added on to the common law was in regard to the definition of marriage as was with lucidity established in North v Matheson. The case of Corbett was a case that brought a challenged in regard to the issues around the marriage of a transgender unmarried (Davies, 2008. P. 11). In this case, the judge had a conclusion that when it comes to defining marriage the issue of building a family is a very essential component and, therefore, ingrained heterosexual intercourse is of importance and a key requirement in regard to the institution of marriage.Layland v Ontario also referred to as the third wave              The third case regarding same-sex marriage was that of Layland v Ontario and the argument was against the common law definition of marriage. The argument or claim was luckyly acknowledged pass judgment by at least one j udge out of three which was a very timely achievement for those in support of same-sex marriage (Davies, 2008. P. 2).In Layland v Ontario case although the majority judgment unflustered alluded to and supported the decisions make in North and Corbett, the take issue opinion had a conclusion that the current jurisprudence regarding same-sex marriage is noncurrent or rather not modern in regard to the changing social values, and, therefore, as judges of the common law it is their prime duty to expand the definition of marriage so that it can meet the societys changing and expanding needs or so as to reflect and mirror the values of the society and what is pickings place by that time in the society.In addition to the case above there was also a dissenting assertion as a air resultant of the enactment of the Charter of Human Rights and freedoms. This made a change thus to be a necessity so as to conform to the Charters of Rights and Freedoms demands and requirements and that pursua nt to s.15 of the Charter. The common laws definition of marriage was, therefore, insufficient, unreasonably and unequal or anti-Semite(prenominal) in its manipulation towards gay and homosexual couples.Halpern v Canada also known as the fourth wave              The fourth case was known as Halpern v Canada which brought nigh the current approach towards same-sex marriage in Canada and thus bringing to a hitch the debate to whether gay and lesbian couples were discontinueed to unite legally or to splice. The verdict or decision from this fourth case think that the current common law in the place definition of marriage was to a great extent un reportal inclined the fact that it violated an individuals unforfeitable fundamental right to equal treatment without discrimination. As a result of this realization or decision, the federal government thus proposed a bill to that burden to the Supreme judiciary of Canada. The bill, Bill C- 38, became the promenade of the debate and thorough discussion for the case referencing to or in regard to Same-Sex marriage (Davies, 2008. P. 15). The verdict or ruling in that decision led or prompted the federal government to come up with a new piece of legislation referred to as the Civil wedding ceremony Act.This Act is the current legislative authority governing the institution of marriage in Canada. This act broadens or expands the definition of marriage to also imply gay and lesbian couples by stating that Marriage, for civil reasons, is the lawful union of only two persons to the or thus exclusion of all others. This removed the part that the union had to be between one man and one woman to the exclusion of all others. attached up the fact that the enactment of the Civil Marriage Act, and the social developments and changes which fostered the considerations of the advantages, as well as the demerits in which this act brought about or urinated is worth highlighting and noting. As wa s elaborate by the Law Commission of Canada, who support same sex marriage, it felt that an individual right to splice is a fundamental inalienable personal choice in which each Canadian citizen should enjoy and thus denying them their rightful access to be allowed to marry was an outright rejection in recognizing their personhood as human macrocosmity beings and of their personal aspirations. This argument that was greatly mature by same-sex marriage supporters clearly demonstrate a direct form of human rights and freedoms violation through unequal treatment, which in turn points or allude towards possible consequences in which this outright denial of key rights could lead (Davies, 2008. P. 26). A good causa of such a consequence in regard to continue this unequal treatment is that it could promote or lead to a very strong justifiable critiques towards the very obvious legitimacy of our most sacred law in the Constitution namely the Charter of Rights and Freedoms document, T o be more special the section regarding our very fundamental right to equality.Further in support of those reenforcement same-sex marriages came the article. Losing the feminist Voice, debates and deliberates on the legal realisation or realization of same sex Partnerships in Canada that argued in support of the same that denying homosexuals and lesbians the right to marry would in turn add more weight and greatly reinforce the ongoing justification arsehole the existing disadvantages towards the minority groups, and thus render further future justification in the denial of other fundamental rights for these same minority groups.The article goes further on to note that broadening or extending the definition of marriage to solve the contentious issues and do away with the underlying controversy to allow same-sex couples to marry will, in fact, strengthen the institution of marriage and family by bringing down the burden of the state.The most prevalent arguments of all in relatio n to the demerits of same-sex marriage mostly focused on to a large extent, the perceived presumptions and misconceptions towards the gay and lesbian lifestyles, as well as the resultant personal effects in which the same will have both directly and indirectly on marriage. The opponents of same-sex marriage further focused on the importance of clearly maintaining the nature of marriage, as well as combating the future risks in which changing the definition of marriage was liable(predicate) to bring on board. An opponent of same-sex marriage namely Gwen Landolt, strongly believed and held a very strong comment for the gay and lesbian lifestyle, stating with clarity that infidelity, separation and divorce are more prevalent in same-sex unions given that their skill compatibilities are different, and thus they cannot complement one another. Drug use is thus a very sedate and recurring matter for such as these individuals.The above comments allude through steer that that allowing hom osexual couples to unite legally and marry could pose as a little terror and an insult on the sacred institution of marriage. In addition to the above claims, Landolt also insisted that marriage should not just be treated as mere social construct and that it will be pernicious to simply change in an try to respond to the changing society needs and values. She held firmly to the assertion that a marriage is a concept which has remained consistent through and through thousands of years, through many different cultures and hence its value in society at large is deeply rooted.These arguments regarding the future implication in which changing the definition of marriage could foster and bring on board, the opposition or those opposing same-sex marriages argued that the inalienable fundamental equality right, in which the gay and lesbian groups have relied upon to in advancement of their claim, has been interpreted so broadly or beyond the necessary extent gibe to s.15 of the Charter and could by implication create a very slippery cant for the sacred institution of marriage. This will in turn lead to a polygamous and probably to incestuous relationships being made legal in the country (Russell, 2008. 38). closure              As a wrap up this essay has clearly analysed the article Canadian same-sex marriage litigation highlighting the key points in the article such as the social developments in regard to same-sex marriages, how the issue of same-sex marriages relate with the equality of human rights and freedoms while at the same time being keen not to affect the social role of the marriage institution negatively. The same-sex marriage litigation needs to be assessed in terms of their impact and sustenance of the LGBT rights in regard to equality ensuring that they are not discriminated (Balla, 2014. Para. 4).This litigation from the analysis of the article can be termed as quite successful although this does not imply that legal c ases involving LGBT in days to come will ineluctably be successful. It is therefore true that the constitution or the law is like a living tree that grows in accordance to changes in the society and should reflect the social values, practices and attitudes of the society. These kinds of alternative forms of relationship have been accept by the laws of different countries in the world success in the cases in the Canada litigation can to an extent be attributed to this arc although other countries still continue to purely oppose them.ReferencesControversy Over Couples in Canada The Evolution of Marriage and Other large(p) Interdependent Relationships. (n.d.). by Nicholas Bala. Retrieved June 13, 2014, from http//papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=481003Davies, C. (2008). Canadian Same-Sex Marriage Litigation Individual Rights, Community Strategy. Canada Crc Press.Russell, P. H. (2008). The Court and the Constitution leading cases. Toronto Emond Montgomery Publications. i nauguration document