Questions and Answers on Employee Motivation

Questions and Answers on Employee MotivationQuestion.01. How can expectancy possibleness be used to explain the differences in motivation between Alex and Katrien? What specifics from the case follow up to expectancy theory?Answer Expectancy theory1 states that the lastingness of a drift to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a assumption endpoint and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual. They be both college students so the expected dissolving agent would be that they would have similar opportunities and hand. Katrien is given many a(prenominal) elements in the trick characteristics model such as task identity and autonomy since she is able to create a product at the culinary center and see it to completion while Alex is placed in atomic number 53 area without any other tasks that could be considered motivational. Alex doesnt believe that performing at a certain train will attain a want out come like additional pay. The rewards are not consistent with his needs. For example, stocking to a greater extent produce may only result in a sticker which has no value or little value for Alex while Katrien has the hazard to take an additional $75.00 for attempting to sell 10 expensive bottles of truffle crude oil that is not only chall(a)enging but excessively adds value by serve uping her pay the bills.(high expectancy).Question.02. Alex states that he is underpaid for the litigate he does. What motivational theory does this apply to, and how would it explain Alexs behavior?Answer Alex is underpaid and thus equity theory3 could help explain his behavior. Also, the play characteristics theory could be applied since he is stuck in the produce department devoid of the other components of the model like science variety or task significance. Denise has a shorter term in the merchandise and gets paid more which adds to the inequitable postal service. The environment, the re petitive work and the unfair give-and-take are all disincentives for Alex so his behavior is consistently negative.Question.03. Using concepts from organizational justice, explain wherefore Alex knocks his bosss lunch to the floor. What should Alexs boss do to improve the frankness of his treatment?Answer Both distributive and procedural justice5 are components because of his pay and the fact that Jacque is treating Denise more favorably. Distributive justice is the perceived fairness of the outcome and this case he does not believe that he is being rewarded fairly. Alex has an unfreeze with procedural justice in that Jacque has a bias for Denise and therefore Alex believes that the accomplish is unfair. He knocks his lunch to the floor when he perceives a problem with interactional justice when Jacque interrupts his lunch with Katrien and he feels that he is not respected. Although he has 45 minutes for lunch, Jacque always wants him to return within 30 minutes, which is on ce once again unfair treatment as compared to other employees.Question.04. Using concepts from the emotions and moods chapter, explain why Alex retaliates toward his supervisor. Was his behavior driven purely by emotion, or did cognition also play a role? How so?Answer Alexs emotions are negative. He is exhibiting a negative effect, which is a mood state that is displaying his stress level, care and irritability toward his boss and the climate in which he is employed. His retaliation is an excited reaction to the poor treatment that he has endured from his boss and the favorable treatment toward Denise. Cognition plays a role since Alex is aware of his environment and has been trying to make sense of the injustices. His ultimate emotional response with Jacques sandwich was a result of an accumulation of perceived inequities.Question.05. Compare and contrast Alex and Katrien in terms of all(prenominal) persons level of work stress. How might stress affect their attitudes and beha viors within their work environment?Answer Katrien consistently has a smile on her smell and her level of farm out gratification is high. She has been given a variety of tasks and her job is fulfilling, therefore her level of work stress is low. In contrast, Alexs stress level is high with many perceived injustices and boring work. His attitude and behavior are poor and negative respectively since their managers have different styles of Theory X for Alex and Theory Y for Katrien. Alex will quit as soon as he finds another job while Katrien is content with her position and put challenges.Question.06. Discuss Alex and Katrien in terms of each persons job attitudes (for example, job satisfaction and organizational commitment). What factors might be responsible for any differences?Answer Again, the attitudes including job satisfaction and organizational commitment are positive for Katrien and negative for Alex. As mentioned, Alex is looking to leave the organization while Katrien is given more responsibilities and challenges. Her job satisfaction is high while his is low. Many factors mentioned earlier have contributed to this situation from the differences in managers and their respective styles to the biases and injustices including unfair treatment and inequitable pay that all contribute to a poor working environment and a overlook of motivation on Alexs part.Robbins/Judge, organizational Behavior,13th Edition, Pearson Education,2009, Pages 231237Robbins/Judge, Organizational Behavior,13th Edition, Pearson Education,2009, Pages 233-234Robbins/Judge, Organizational Behavior,13th Edition, Pearson Education,2009, Pages 234236Robbins/Judge, Organizational Behavior,13th Edition, Pearson Education,2009, Pages 229236Robbins/Judge, Organizational Behavior,13th Edition, Pearson Education,2009, Page 229Robbins/Judge, Organizational Behavior,13th Edition, Pearson Education,2009, Pages 285-293

Statue of David: Donatello and Bernini Comparison

Statue of David Donatello and Bernini ComparisonThe Biblical character of David has been the inspiration for many kit and boodle of artistry throughout history. The young David, as Goliaths adversary, has been sculpted by much(prenominal) artists as Verrocchio, Donatello, Michelangelo, and Bernini. Although all of these engraves are comparable in some aspects, the ones by Donatello and Bernini present signifi do-nothingt differences.Donatello was an Italian sculptor of the Early Renaissance whose usage is seen as a link from classic to new-made art. He clever in Florence with Lorenzo Ghiberti and began works on his own in 1408. Donatello is considered one of the founders of modern scratch because of he created rea advertic human expressions and stressed action and character. He is eminent for his use of perspectives, including physical distortions for dramatic effect, and was a master disc everywhereer with a talent for innovation. Probably the most famous example of fifteen th-century engrave is the bronze David by Donatello. Dates for the work vary from the 1430s to the 1460s. It is recorded as the centrepiece of the first courtyard in the Palazzo Medici during the wedding festivities of Lorenzo de Medici and Clarice Orsini in 1469. Some slang argued that it was commissioned by Cosimo de Medici in the 1430s to be the centerpiece of the courtyard of the honest-to-goodness Medici house on the Via Larga.Another great creator of the sculpture of David was Gian Lorenzo Bernini. Bernini was a sculptor, painter and architect and a shaping influence as an great advocate of the Italian Baroque. He was an exceptional portrait artist and owes to his mystify his accomplished techniques in the handling of marble and also an impressive list of patrons that included the Borghese and the Barbarini families. Bernini originally worked in the Late Mannerist tradition but spurned the contrived tendencies of this style. By 1624 he had adopted an expression that was passionate and lavish of perceptional and psychological energy. His figures are caught in a transient minute from a single viewpoint, bursting into the spectators space. Bernini created a life-size marble statue of David that was part of a commission to decorate the villa of Berninis patron Cardinal Scipione Borghese, the Galleria Borghese where it still resides. It was realized in the course of seven months from 1623 to 1624.One major variation betwixt the statues of David is that Donatellos is very early Renaissance, he is going towards more realistic features, whereas, Bernini is working in a more baroque style, combing action and attentiveness, for example in Davids face, to achieve a vitality in the work that is not seen in Donatellos David. Berninis David was created during the Baroque Period, a time of great liveliness when artists were enthralled by driving force and the activities of the human body. This sculpture implies action and captures David as he is actually throwing the stone at Goliath. Davids muscles are tense and contracted. His face is a grimace of concentration, somewhat contorted by the physical effort of his movements. His loosely flowing robe also adds to the idea of movement. Berninis sculpture of David was an innovative sculpture for its time, it represents the beginning of a new sculptural artistic.Another major notation between Donatellos and Berninis sculpture is Berninis captures David during the fight with Goliath while Donatellos portrays David after the fight. Berninis David depicts movement in a way not previously attempted in stone. The biblical youth is taut and poised to shoot his projectile. The twisted torso, broken fore point, and granite grimace of Berninis David epitomize Baroque fixation with dynamic movement and emotion over High Renaissance inaction and classical severity. The sculpture communicates to an unobserved entity, in the form of Goliath, the object of Davids aggression, as wellspring as to t he observer, caught in the middle of the conflict. The warrior even literally oversteps the boundaries between life and art, putting his toes over the edge of the plinth. Bernini captures the moment when he becomes a belligerent. In the work of Donatello, the sculpture is portraying the scene after David has cut off the head of Goliath. His foot up is raised on the severed head in a posture of contropposto. His sword is in the right hand with the stone in the left. Donatello has softened the static balance and firm stance of the traditional male figure. This change intensity is evident in the placement of the two hands as well as the way Davids free leg gently rests on the head of Goliath.An additional differentiation between the sculptures is that Donatellos David is nude whereas Berninis is semi-clothed. Donatello made history when he created this masterpiece, which became the first free-standing bronze sculpture that was completely unsupported and in nude form in the Renaiss ance period. The art work cause much parameter due to the depiction of the nude male body. There are a few symbolic elements to this David. The style of the figure refers to antiquity for the balance and write up of the nude. Energy in the sculpture animates the emotions and is a new technique utilise in this David, once again showing qualities from antiquity. This energy is not used in Berninis David.Another differences between the sculptures is Bernini depict David as more of a man, while Donatello shows him as a young boy. Berninis David was an action man, determined by his great skill and his uniformwise great ego to create a new visual ideal, full of action and incredible determination and self-belief. His hero is full-grown and fully engaged both physically and psychologically, as he takes aim and twists his tensed, muscular body a split second in advance slinging the stone, grasped in his left hand. Although Donatello was inspired by Classical figures, he did not choose a Greek youth in his salad days as a model for his David. Instead, he chooses a barely certain adolescent boy whose arms appeared weak due to the miss of muscles. by and by defeating Goliath, whose head lies at Davids feet, he rests his sword by his side, almost likewise heavy to handle. It seems almost impossible that a young boy like David could have accomplished such a task. David himself seems skeptical of his deed as he glances down towards his body. Apparently, Davids intellect, faith and courage made up for his lack of build.The sculptures of the heroic David are significantly efficacious, Donatello shows David in a moment of sentiment and triumph, whereas Bernini shows David right in physical preparation for hurling the stone at his opponent. Donatellos sculpture is iconic. It could be said that practically anyone in the world could choose it, and when asked to name a sculpture would name it. Berninis is less known, but that doesnt catch up with it the lesser sculptu re. Both men were achievers in the field of marble sculpture, the likes of which the art form may never see again, and both works can be considered masterpieces in their own right.

Le Corbusier: Five Points of Architecture

Le Corbusier Five Points of architectureFive Points of ArchitectureLe Corbusier is one of the close to signifi tail assemblyt architects from the 20th century. He is known as one of the pioneers of modern architecture due to legion(predicate) of his ideas and recipes deep down architecture. virtuoso of his nigh famous was The Five Point of a rude(a) Architecture that he had explained inLEsprit noveauand the book Vers une architecture, which he had been developing passim the 1920s. Le Corbusier growth of this idea altered the architectural promen fruit drink in a new way, which was presented in 1926.1 The quin heightens be as follows pilotis, the detonating device garden, forgo political platform, free fa fruit drink, and the horizontal window. Le Corbusier enforce these points as a geomorphologic basis for most of his architecture up until the 1950s, which argon sp be in many of his material systems.The essay Les Cinq points sand dune architecture nouvelle by Le Corbusier focuses on questions that ar raised within architectural creation, suggesting a alkali and arrangement in it. Similar textbookbooks for example the progress of celluleand figures of the Maison Standardisee, do non feature relation to the intention process of the cinque points. The Modulor, which is the study of proportions of the military personnel body scale that is employ as a system to plan a number of Le Corbusiers buildings, is a nonher nonional attempt, which did not achieve a proper relation to the design process and in any case the architectural search for form that personifies the five points. On the other(prenominal) hand, these ideas fucking be portrayed more(prenominal) than than than freely as merely theoretical ideas.2 One exception is the concept of the tracis regulateurs (regulating lines), which uses proportions of geome learn in buildings. It augured certain ideas behind the five points in a number of aspects.The first point is t he piloti, which are columns or piers that elevate a organise off the ground. The fact that the structure is displace provides many functional advantages. As the pilotis raise the building off the ground, it allows circulation downstairs the house, which frees the building site, and allows a driveway, parking blank, or a garden to be placed beneath the house. The pilotis provides many advantages, and also new constructional possibilities. The artistic moments as well as the ex hightail ited usefulness are the results of those recherches assidues and those acquis de laboratoire3. The same region is also gained on the flat roof. This area is known as the close point, which is the roof garden. This is to balance the green area that was already apply by the building and substituted it onto the roof, which is then used for domestic take aims. Free plan is the next point, which means the floor billet tolerate be arranged freely with proscribed the concern for supporting walls into rooms. Replacing interior load-bearing columns from walls dividing the aloofness, and moving the structure of the building to the exterior is a way to achieve this. Le Corbusier designed an open floor structure called the Dom-ino house in which the model aloof load-bearing wall and the supporting beams for the ceiling. This invention was most unexpected at eon it was a forecast of the potentialities of reinforced concrete, of mass-production, of human scale, of the modern factory.4 The mannikin did not depend on the floor plans of the house, giving the architect immunity when designing the interior. Free faade is another point. It is the ability of designing the faade freely as the walls are non-supporting, which is the result of the free plan. The next point is the horizontal window. This allows the faade to be cut along its entire length. By doing so it allows maximum illumination, better ventilation and also gives views of the surrounding yard, which is unvarnished in the Villa Savoye.The five points were demonstrated in many of Le Corbusiers architecture throughout his career. One of first designs that Le Corbusier attempted to include the points in was the Maisons Citrohan. The house was developed through different versions. Numerous fragments of the houses design saturnine out to be essential factors, which pee-pee up Le Corbusiers style. certain(p) characteristics of the Maison Citrohan can be detected in most of the villas in the 1920s.5 Maison Citrohan introduced the five points of new architecture. The house was elevated by pilotis allowing free circulation on the ground, and also consisted of a reinforced-concrete frame structure, which was achieved from the Dom-inos constructional system. The open piazza crapd by the pilotis and the flat roof increases the minor area that already exists. It also had a roof garden/terrace. Le Corbusier voiced himself on the subject of the Maison Citrohan in the first volume of the Oevre compldte Stu ttgart, cest Ioccasion enfin. Le Corbusier did not talk of mortal objects or designs he talked about the constant development of an idea str etceteraed invariablyywhere many cases.6Le Corbusier studied the essential philosophies of Egyptian, Hindu, Byzantine, and classic architecture in Vers une architecture, which is a collection of essays that supports study of the concept of modern architecture.7 Egyptian and Greek architecture were particularly important for Le Corbusiers application of the five points. From Egyptian architecture, Le Corbusier acquired the idea of symmetry and repetition. In addition, Le Corbusier obtained the notion of feat and contraries from Greek architecture. The lesson of regular repetition from Egyptian architecture, as mentioned above, provided the idea of victimization repetition in vertical supports that Le Corbusier would later apply to his architecture as a constant scale, a rhythm, a restful cadence.Le Corbusiers design theories were put in prac tice to a certain take within a number of his designs much(prenominal) as the Maison Cook, the Villa beer mug, and also at the Villa Savoye. In these buildings the regular grid of columns served as a foil to the positive shapes of the curved walls and stairs, which together combined to organize a pleasant architectural promenade with asymmetrically balanced views according to the lessons of Greek architecture. 8 Similar to the Citrohan House, the Villa Stein had a roof, which became a terrace garden regularly set structural piers, which allowed freely curved interior partitions, and also horizontal windows that extended crossways facades. The Maison Cook was a terrace house. The upper floors of the house were supported by concrete piloti, and the ground floor consisted of a open plan which had a parking space, entry, and a terrace. The roof was also used as a garden terrace. Le Corbusier wanted to show that the partitions of the rooms on each(prenominal) floor were independent of structural supports, thus the partitions were curved.9The Villa Savoye follows the five points best strictly, and can be considered as a built plan of Le Corbusiers five points. The exterior maintains the idea of symmetry as all quaternary elevations are really similar, which consist of horizontal windows and openings running the width of the faade at the second floor level, supported by regularly spaced pilotis.10 Within the points, the free plan is the most important in the design, where the striking wall curves freely between the pilotis on the ground floor, which reflects the idea of the free plan the strongest.As oft as the five points have contributed to the development of modern architecture greatly, approximately points such(prenominal) as the horizontal windows are not necessary in basis of the designing of considerably architecture. overly the idea of the roof garden has been criticised over the years for leaking, it also would be considered very strange in dome stic houses in countries such as the UK, as they use the more traditional pitched roof as it seems more homely. Furthermore, Le Corbusier abandoned the idea of the piloti shortly after many point his later work does not strictly follow the points. Le Corbusiers Five Points in Architecture manifesto, as explained above, has had great twist on modern architecture. This is evident in The Villa Savoye, which summed up the five points, which off out to be a masterpiece of the 20th century design and one of the greatest works by Le Corbusier. The five points have allowed a wide variety of ideas and possibilities within designing architecture regular to this day such as the use of free faade in Zaha Hadids Performing Arts Center in Hague (2010). 1 Le Corbusier, Choisy, and cut Hellenism The Search for a New Architecture by Richard A. Etlin. The Art Bulletin, Vol. 69, no. 2 (Jun., 1987), p.2752 Les Cinq Points dune Architecture Nouvelle by Werner Oechslin trans. Wilfried Wang. Assembla ge, No. 4 (Oct., 1987), p.843 Les Cinq Points dune Architecture Nouvelle by Werner Oechslin trans. Wilfried Wang. Assemblage, No. 4 (Oct., 1987), p.934 Five Points of Architecture the saunter Architecturale, mimesis (copying), p.435 Key Houses of the Twentieth CenturyPlans, Sections and Elevations, Laurence King Publishing, 2006 , p.566 Les Cinq Points dune Architecture Nouvelle by Werner Oechslin trans. Wilfried Wang. Assemblage, No. 4 (Oct., 1987), p.847 Le Corbusier, Choisy, and cut Hellenism The Search for a New Architecture by Richard A.Etlin. The Art Bulletin, Vol. 69, No. 2 (Jun., 1987), p.2758 Le Corbusier, Choisy, and French Hellenism The Search for a New Architecture by Richard A. Etlin. The Art Bulletin, Vol. 69, No. 2 (Jun., 1987), p.2769 A World History of Architecture by Marian Moffett, Michael W. Fazio, Lawrence Wodehouse, 2003 edition, p.50910 Design and Analysis by Bernard Leupen, 1997, p.51What is snow- clean-livingned space?What is flannel space?What is dus tern space? etiolate space, also accept by most as negative space, is the unmarked space between graphics, texts, and margins. To be precise, it is basically all spaces that possess absent of depicted objects. Sandy Wheeler argued that, most passel do not understand the exercise of clean-living space and lots consider them simply as blank space.However, in my opinion, this perception is incorrect. still though sporty space does not hold subject matters in the way that a photograph or text holds meaning, it essentially serves to acquire meaning through context to both image and text. It is an important element of design which allows the objects in it to even exist. In addition, it lily- discolorthorn even make or break the effective transmission of image and text.As formers, we are trained to often use blanched space where it is appropriate in our designs. This is not limited to only graphic design, but also extends to other images of design such as web, product, inte rior, architecture, and many others. First of all, let us explore the use of unobjectionable space in graphic design. White space can be categorized into 2 categories, the big white space which represents the space between major elements in a composition, and dinky white space which represent the space between smaller elements, several(prenominal) of which include those between list items, between a caption and an image, or between words and letters and the rest of the small spaces.White space is also often used to build a balanced and harmonised layout. The white space other than can be categorized into macro instruction instruction and micro white space, both marco and micro white space can also be divided into industrious and passive white space. The active white space is space which is left empty intentionally. Also, it serves to lead a reader from one element to another. As for passive white space, it is the white space that does not appear to be intentional. In other w ords, most passive white space is unintentional which means it is just the thoughtless space or left over space present within a composition.In my opinion, all white space in a good design, whether active or passive, should be planned out by the designer from the very first. If a designer only planned on the macro white space used and let the rest of the white space unconsidered, it leave be just considered as poor design. Passive white space craps breathing room and balance and its role cannot be undermined.A web design aims to allow visitors to subconsciously develop an impression and predict where the navigation and matter areas will be as they navigate from rascal to knave. A well-designed webpage includes active white space as an intentional page element that visually separates the navigation, content, copinger and footer. Lacking of which can result in the website be cluttered, and visitors might feel that the learning they are looking for would be difficult to find a nd thus head to other websites.Micro white spaces often help improve legibility. Many pot disregard the greatness of the micro space and always feel that the small little spaces will not make much difference in design. In some cases, white space can be very limited and a lot of information has to be fitted into a page, for example newspaper, colour pages and etc. When a lot of information is crammed together, the layout will eventually to be appearing messy and hard to read. This is when we, the designers come in to find ways to solve this problem.One good example is The Economist newspaper, which has been redesigned as the owner of the caller-out realized that their newspaper design was in like manner heavy and the contents are too difficult to read. This is an important issue as the design and legibility of the newspaper affected the sales of the newspaper. The company hired Erik Spiekermann, a German designer and typographer to search for a solution. In newspaper design, i nformation is often dense and many measures, it is difficult to add in additional whitespace because of the content requirements. Spiekermanns solution to this was to use a lighter typeface for their body content with plenty of whitespace surrounding the characters. Spiekermann redesigned the typeface by adding more whitespace to the individual characters while retaining the quirkiness of the original Economist typeface. He proceeded to set the type slightly smaller and using leading. All these small changes added up to create more micro white space to the design, resulting in the content being more legible. The overall feeling of the newspaper was lighter, while the bill of content remained the same.Spiekermanns palmy redesign for The Economist proves that the space between the itsy-bitsy gouge can have a big impact on the military capability of a design. This concept could essentially be applied to designs for other magazines, yellow pages, the web and other medium that req uire a substantial amount of texts. Shown below is the redesign of typeface from The Economist by Spiekermann, illustrating how such small changes could make a big difference.The images below show two typic spreads, one before the redesign, when The Economist was stained in b overlook and white with bits of red, and another article after the redesign which has went on to full color.In addition, white space also plays an important role in brand positioning. On the surface of paper, white space is that of chosen not to print. From the vista of economy and conservation, white space should then be at a minimum, and logically all space should then be used up and not come to a waste. In this case, white space is used for purely semiotic values. It is insisted then, that the image of what is presented is more crucial than what the paper that could save. In countries such as Japan, some printing jobs are very pricy as they would still charge for the printing plates, separations, paper, a nd four-or-more color presses even to print white space. therefore, average brands that have a limited budget would try to fully maximize the whole paper by including as much contents as possible.On the other hand, some designers utilize white space to create a feeling of luxury and elegance to upscale brands. With the sensitive use of typography and image, generous white space is seen over several luxury market products. Extensive white space is used in marketing material to sell to the target audiences the idea that the products are of the highest quality and extravagant value. Images below show the examples of white space used in some luxurious brands.Essentially, it all boils to which target audiences are designers after. There are indeed exceptions of which white space may not be necessary in design. For example, in at once-mail products, designs need to be appeared down-market to work. By adding white space to it, the design would appear to inherit an undesirably upscale qual ity, which may not appeal to the targeted mass audience in the community.Below is an example of direct mail versus luxury brand design.The contents shown above are the same, including the text information and image. However, the two designs stand at opposite ends of the brand spectrum. much(prenominal) comparison illustrates how less white space portrays a cheaper image, while more white space portrays a more luxurious image.The discussion of white space is not simply restricted to the contemporary. In my opinion, the significance and role of white space has change and evolved over snip. According to Ken Kelman, in older old age, white space was not considered to play a too important role.However, I believe that designs in the past do utilize white space, such as to emphasize a particular content or object. However, a distinct difference between the use of white space between the past and modern long time design would be that older designs tend to cram contents together. Even th ough compositions and macro white space within designs are considered, micro white space is often less regarded or even neglected. The posters below show examples of older old age designs when an entire page is often filled up with text and image. The typefaces used in such posters are often big and huge compared to modern day designs where white spaces hold more grandness. Often, large crammed texts with little white space in between are often patched in vintage design.I believe that in todays world with onward motion in technologies, better designs have emerged as we designers are able to create even spaces between each lines of text. We are also able to prove and play around with composition within design with ease, compared to the past when such hardware did not exist. With this, we could create design that look more nonrecreational and clean. Over the epoch, with the good use of white space by designers, more and more muckle start to appreciate and realized about the impo rtance of white space in design. Therefore, more of better design pieces are born and white spaces are used more often by designers nowadays compared to the past.Examples of vintage designExample of modern design non every posters of the past disregard the concept of white space. One such example is the poster below, which was considered to be a success in terms of delivery of its message content. This was partly due to the effective and unique design elements employed which were rarely seen in its counterparts during that period. Using short and straight frontward text, with ample of white space around the contents, the importance of the contents stood out and its message was effectively show.Another cause for the change of the signification of white space over time in my opinion is influenced by the changes in human lifestyles. According to a survey by Austin Mott Anastacia, people nowadays are getting busier, more stressful and impatient than ever before. Only 30 percent among 20 000 adults have enough cat sleep most days and the rest are too busy doing more important stuffs such as working, studies, playing games and so on.In my opinion, because of the busy lifestyle, people would not be willing to spend more time on anything else than what they want to do, not to mention spending too much time on an publicizing. Therefore, designers nowadays tend to use more white space and less content for that purpose.Taking a billboard advertisement for example, a simple, creative and straight forward advertisement is always more successful than the advertisement with a lot of contents as readers would need more time to read and too much contents make the advertisement appear messy. Most readers have busy lifestyle they would only be willing to spend a limited amount of time on that advertisement. Moreover, billboards are mostly placed along road or highways which do the readers who are travelling in cars have much less time for it. The billboard advertisements wo uld need to convey messages across to readers in a hardly a(prenominal) seconds. Comparing to old days where most people have more time to spare, they would have a higher chance to spend time on advertisements that are packed with contents. Below are two examples of advertisements for the purpose mentioned above.Another change of signification of white space over time in my opinion is that hoary days design put in as much details to minimize as much white space as possible to represent luxury where modern days designers tend to use as much space for that purpose. Focusing on interior and product design as references, olden days tend to put in a lot of details and minimize white space in their design. Regardless of any country and culture, their olden days designs tend to share this same character. To support my point, shown below are the examples of olden days interior design from a few different heathen background such as Europe,Modern designsIn my opinion, olden days folks appr eciate details and craftsmanship very much because with the lack of building and engraving technology and machine exist in the olden days, to have a piece of furniture engraved in detail, it necessary a lot of effort, time and labour. Only rich people in the olden days could afford that craftsmanship. In another word, it represents status and luxury.As the saying goes less is more. Such wisdom cannot be more emphasized in the concept of white space. Increasingly, white space is being regarded and recognized as part an important design element, and also a design technique. Once you know how to design and manipulate the space surrounding your content, youll be able to amazing feats such as giving your readers a head start in your design, position products more precisely, and last but not least, perhaps even begin to see your own design content in a new light.

Crossâ€Cultural Management in Albania

wipecutCultural circumspection in AlbaniaBrunilda MucollariDaniela H all(prenominal)aciJona LikskendajArli BarxhaniEraldo Bode suck up to it 01/20/2014Course fundamental lawal Behavior LeadershipInstructor Dr. Perparim Dervishi leave-taking I refine handst is more(prenominal)(prenominal) than(prenominal) frequently a source of remainder than of synergy. Cultural differences be a nuisance at best and a good deal a disaster. (www.uscivilizatio.com)Globalization, the land on which Cross Cultural focussing was sawed instaurationGlobalization is now becoming the future of the human. Humanity is now walk way on the path that leads to, what we call Becoming One. Technology founding is the main factor of this branch. It brings masses and nuances up together and by doing so they learn and enjoy each others way of living. The process seems to be long and elementaryally changing us and bringing in front what we tolerate consider positive or negative effects. pot from dis comparable refinings in fact might fill conflicts when laming together, or they might shargon experiences and improve their selves. Cultures intercept each other to permute doledge, traditions and experience and history has taught this to us. On the other hand has alike taught us that cultures exchange goods. At this point we come to the creation of a unmistakable pattern Cross Cultural care.cross-cultural ManagementCross-cultural management explains the behavior of people in organizations around the world and shows them how to work in organizations with employees and client populations from many different cultures. (Kawar, 2012)Multinational companies existed as early as 2 000 B.C. the Assyrians, the Phoenicians, the Greeks and the Romans they all had their suffer version of world(prenominal)ize trading. MultinationalManagement is getting more and more undeniable for all kinds of branches as the planetary market is shrinking. In the past century operation betwee n ripe industrial countries had it up and downs. Because of the both world wars this partnership came to a halt. This wars, on the other hand gave a boost later on to the global market. After and between the two wars the World Bank was Created, International fiscal Fund and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and after the Berlin seawall fall in the altogether markets were undecided to the free trade. These new emerging markets gave chances and opportunities to the line of work sector to increase their r all the likeues. In fact every surface ara has its culture and gulls them distinguishable from each other, as in fact every country has its middle class that was and is leave behinding to buy more international products and services. The necessitate to decrease the costs with bulge out affecting the revenue but on reverse gear increase them makes the global entrepreneurs to invest and construct their plants in locations that provide visit cost of production.While companies grow and enter the international trade, their size increases with their earnings. When this happens the companies invite to established their activity overseas and after than monitoring their activities across the b differentiate. This is in fact where cross-cultural management enters on the stage. Under these circumstances more and more the need for management is inevitable in the trading operations abroad. Managers often are part of the shareholders nationality, in other dustup an the Statesn occupancy in Albania exit definitely send an America citizen to manage their operations in Albania. The cultures are different between the two countries and this diversification brings up its tasks.Problems Cross??Dealing with people from different cultures and nationalities has its own problems. The main problem that Cross-Cultural Management faces is bulwarks. Barriers complicate the ongoing of operations and processes and tend to create roughlyly misunderstandings. The m ain barriers areLanguageCulture follow CultureLanguage is the head start tool when interacting with people. English is reliable as the international language all around the world and business has embraced this idea, but every country uses its own language firstly when dealing and communicating. Having said so, people have to learn first English even though it is non enough. The problem here is that words rat endure their meaning when translated and the thought also.Culture also creates a huge barrier by its set of set, language, behavior, business ethics, expected etiquette or packions. So if a manager operating in a foreign culture does not know the differences in the hosting culture, his or her message drive out be misunderstood.Company Culture mainly is considered as the norms and expectations that a lodge implies. This take ons policies and specific procedures, the rump of a ac bon tons culture. When a company enlarges its operations it is needed to find a connectio n between the cultures in order for the company culture to be accepted by the hosting culture.Culture shape Cross-Cultural ManagementThe vast part of a culture is absorbed by people during their childhood by the interaction with the surrounding people and purlieu and by doing so it helps people live within their society. Culture can be found on four different levelsNational take aim has to do with the differences between cultures in a national point of view. It deals with the set that people learn during their early life that becomes unchangeable and saint for them.Organizational level is the culture that is created within an organization and that is superficial. This culture is different from the company culture because it can change from an organization to another within the same country.Occupational level deals with different cultures created within an organization. This means that different cultures can be created in all departments of an organization.Gender level has to do w ith the cultures men and women create within their gender. This level can be defined as the close to common one.In fact all the upper paragraphs are a theoretical overview of Cross-Cultural Management and this is what generally happens around the world but will all this theory feet in the Albanian reality. To harbour an idea well-nigh this point an Albanian fact is pre directed in the heartbeat part of the paper.Part IIEDUCATIONAL CENTRE RESEARCH first appearance of the ProblemThere are differences in cultures in general between countries, in addition to this there are differences among works countries as well. The problem is how this affects the way of managing the organization. educational snapper is a company that operates in sixer countries Albania, Bulgaria, Moldova, Rumania, Montenegro, and Serbia. It is a Greek company and it has succeeded well. It is interesting to see how the different Bookshops are dealing with culture differences. educational total main world powe r is put in Thessaloniki, Greece and it has branches in six countries. We will concentrate our thoughts on the on a lower floorAre there any differences in how the six offices in the different countries are managed?If yes, are they a result of national business culture differences?If not, why are there no differences?PurposeThe purpose of this enquiry is to get an insight on how difficult is to manage a company across cultures. The purpose is to come up with a result that will reflect this or with a solution to dealing with differences.Countries of StudyThe countries in the study are the branches of Educational Centre in six countriesAlbania, Bulgaria, Moldova, Rumania, Montenegro, Serbia inquiry MethodThere are different approaches in developing a look for paper. We have chosen the qualitative method which is more about having long interviews with a smaller amount of people in order to get more detailed culture. The purpose of this method is to receive utter(a) descriptions an d it is very useful when you do not know a great deal of the phenomenon, or very small amounts of researches have already been done, as in the case of Educational Centre.Although the qualitative approach does not give any foundation, which can be used as a generalization for results. The purpose of the research is to get more thorough knowledge and understanding how Educational Centers in six countries , the qualitative approach will be used with a deductive approach. Six branch managers in six countries will be interviewed.The selective selection of the interviews has been on the purpose of getting in fill with people that have great insight on how things work in an Educational Centre.So the epitome of the Qualitative approach will lie downType of Data Qualitative data, text sections which illustrate theoretical variables or categoriesFlexibility BigData and compendium Interpret , in attendant order and integrated with data collectionUse beyond the cover examination Transfer abilityAll the interviews were intended to be modify in an sent back by email but in the end we had to Skype called and filled in with the answers.What is culture?Culture is a set of basic value, perceptions, wants and behaviors, think to achievement and success, activity and involvement, efficiency and practicality, progress, comfort, individualism, freedom, humanitarianism, youthfulness, fitness and health. Culture is the most basic cause of a persons wants and behavior, learned by a member of the society from the family, his own life experience and other primal institutionsCOMPANY CULTURE? Organizational Culture is the set of values, norms, standards of behavior, and common expectations that simpleness the ways individuals and groups in an organization interact with each other and work together to achieve the organizational goals.The History of Educational CentersThe Educational Centers were first plainspokened in Rumania and Bulgaria in 1992 (at that time known as Oxford Ce nters) providing the exclusivity of Oxford University loo in both ELT and Academic publications. Mr. Petros Papasarantoupoulos is their owner.Later on in 1994 they opened the offices in Serbia, Montenegro, Albania and Moldova.The business has increased rapidly by the novelty it offered in six countries which sooner 1990 were all isolated to foreign publishings and were eager to leering foreign languages which was totally forbidden in communist times.In the coming years the business was going to expand to more than just an International Bookshop. It was going to Provide International Exams and International Qualifications for Teachers which was so much needed in order to meet the international standards.The fancy of Educational CentersExpand and the success of the business was due to a imaginativeness which Educational Centre followed BETTER BOOKS, BETTER SERVICES. This was the philosophy everybody had to be center how to be better.The Educational Centre OrganizationThe company has such a flat body structure. The Central Office is in Thessaloniki Greece and the branches are in the downstairs countries directly depending on the Main office Thessaloniki Educational Centre AlbaniaEducational Centre BulgariaEducational Centre RumaniaEducational Centre SerbiaEducational Centre MontenegroEducational Centre MoldovaResults and AnalysisIt is important in analyzing the substitution office and the inspiration that this central office located in Thessaloniki is transmitting to its subordinate, Managers in six countries.Out of the questionnaire that is addition 1 at the end of this research paper resulted that , The global manager was a skilled one and he virtually always took care of all the skills he is required to have in order to be successful. He salaried too much attention of the regional differences in terms of subordinate and much more attention in terms of suppliers in international cultures.Attention was paid to his subordinates in terms of respect and always asked for the best possible to include all his managers in setting strategies and existence involved in team decisions. So ethical values that they should respect in the company were central to the CEO of Educational Centers .Business CultureDue to the fact that almost all of these countries were mainly coming out of the Communism effects in the 1990s they were relatively quiet new to business culture. While people in Greece, from antiquity, have been quite skilled with business and trade. A new culture was imposed to these people in the all these countries. They were more than open to a new business and especially focused in unlike Literature. But there was needed a knowhow to settle it in a conservative market. The imposed culture in all these countries has been almost analogous but being adapted in the way it could have been most successful. The results given in this table are coming as an analysis of the questionnaire given to the Managers in all these countries, revea led in the Appendix 2 in the end. In the analysis you will see that there are most lithe changes between management in some countries due to the slight cultural differences.The AnalysisIn all these countries as we may see there are a lot of similarities. First of all the structure is flat and the people are freely invited to talk to local managers and record their opinions. Every company uses first name based communications, which makes the atmosphere more warm and human based. The employee seems to be trusted only 10% upset seems to be present in some countries, which means that people note comfortable and happy to work for the company. The company pays attention to the worked by organizing trips and meetings which helps so much in building the team spirit.An important impact from the analysis is also the values within the company. People from the selection phase onwards entering the job are requested to be honest, responsible, loyal which are important in building a team sp irit inside the companies.Although may be slight changes in the order and qualities requested as the most important in a company. But they all are important and they all respect an excite top management atmosphere.Cross Cultural differencesThere may be seen slight changes in the way people from these different countries see their colleagues in the other countries concerning the way they express their emotions. Some countries are more open than the others, but what is important is that they all pay attention in respecting their colleagues in other countries. We may also have to take into consideration if these is all the work of them or is an inspired leader to dictate their way?If we base our self at Appendix 1 analysis we will see that the figure of the Top Management shows how much are taken in to consideration the differences between cultures before making a decision and all the skills required to be a good manager in a cross cultural surroundings. organism a successful manager meansGather information information about other culturesHave an open-minded approach to different cultures and valuesShow cultural differences and make the others aware of them and understand and gain validated experiences from themLearn from other cultural experiences and train people to attend cross cultural training and sessionsAll the above points are some of the most important noticed at the Educational Centre Top Management characteristics, which make him a skilled Global Manager.ResultsThe noticeable result out of the research was that between Educational Centers in these countries tried hard to hang on a unique culture, norms and values. The way that this is shown is that in every Educational Centre, everyone is move in team building activities.The way they are all manage with cultural differences is very inspiring it may seem somehow restricted to the Top management way. It is how they are working on preserving their own values and norms that are remarkable. From the very first day as an employee you will olfactory modality the culture and values within the institution, if you are not in breed with them they will be enforced upon you. So a newcomer will by rule follow the company trainings and then the sister companies trainings until being part of a trained team. The managers also participate in daily checkups to ensure that the staff is living by these norms, the staff answers questions regarding if the managers are working by them as well. You could say that Educational Centre does not break away on the aspect of taking in mind other countries cultures. They know about the different cultures in the countries where they enter, in order not to intermit anyone. But they go on by imposing a similar culture. It is almost impossible for Educational Centers to offer what market offers, they have to be unique in what offer and their concept it has been a winning concept so far.The main concerns for these companies, such as Educational centers, are to make sure they have strong culture on their own. They should have mop up values and norms and this should be diffused throughout the entire organization. It is also necessary that everyone feels comfortable making their voice heard working in an environment with differences in cultures.If they would not be so open in the organization and having such a flat hierarchy there probably would be a lot more complications.ReferencesPublishing ReferencesCross Cultural Management, dig French , second edition, cipdAjohannssen and P.A.Tufte 2003Hofstede , Geert and Hofstede , Gerty Jan 2005InterviewsB. Mucollari Educational Centre Albania(Manager)R. Saric- Educational Centre Serbia(Manager)G. Puerda Educational Centre Romania(Manager)T. Cernoc- Educational Centre Moldova (Manager)Bogovac Educational Centre Montenegro (Manager)K. Tetova Educational Centre Bulgaria (Manager)http//uscivilization.wordpress.com/2011/10/08/01/Kawar, T.I (2012). Cross-cultural Difference in Management.Jou rnal of Business and Social scientific discipline , 3(6), 107.

The Introduction Of Mamee Double Decker

The Introduction Of Mamee Double DeckerMamee-Double Decker (M) Berhad is a unique brand of uncorrupted admiration and fine quality. The company is recently listed in the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchang (KLSE). The company manufactures many a(prenominal) overlaps which ar Mamee Monster, Mamee Instant and Sllrrrp Noodles, Mister tater Chips, Mister Potato Crisps and so on. All this convergences argon al groom ho customhold names.The near famous convergence of the company is Mamee Monster. Mamee Monster is something give care noodles with a annulus of seasoning powder. This product consists of dickens livelinesss which are chicken and barbeque. Besides these two flavours, on that address is an otherwise(a) sensitive flavor like satay flavor. Between these tether flavours, barbeque is the tastiest and many kids like it including us. Mamee Monster consists of jumbo encampment the jumbo hoops are a smart product and it is include two flavours like barbeque and the new ane - curry flavour. These two flavours clear stimulate our taste buds.Besides this honored, the company in like manner promote a new product which is Mister Potato Rice Crisps. This new product depose make dos with others brand as perfectly like Jacker and Pringles. Why do I say so? It is because this Mister Potato Rice Crisps is low fat and healthier analyzed with others potato chips. Jacker is redeeming(prenominal) taste but flavoury and same goes to Pringles. This new product consists of iv flavours much(prenominal) as, original, flame grilled bbq, hot and spicy as well as sour cream and onion. For state who likes chili crowd by punish hot and spicy flavor. For those who do not like heavy flavour can effort original flavour.In an addition, Mamee-Double Decker (M) Berhad also has a product which is instant noodles-Mamee Sllrrrp. For this instant noodles devote a variety of flavours such as ayam kampung, asam laksa, kari berapi and kari extra pedas. Any of the flavou rs exit make people sllrrrp, sllrrp, sllrrrp when eating.Overall, Mamee-Double Decker (M) Berhad is a good quality brand and no doubt it can win the warmheartedness of the public range from kids and adults to old folks. This company is a very no-hit company and earns much profit from preliminary until now.Mamee LekorAfter a thorough consideration, we as Mamee-Double Decker (M) Berhads corpo crop finance advisors had heady to cast up their shareholders wealthiness by introducing a new product keropok lekor. What is keropok lekor? This is it.The easiest authority to describe Keropok Lekor is to call it as slant sausage. Its briny ingredients are fish (Ikan Parang/Kembong/Selayang), sago flour, salt and water. We named our new product (keropok lekor) as Mamee Lekor. It can be served in crispy type or soft chewy type according to preferences.DNew folderMmuGamma world-class SemBBF 2124 FM 2keropok_lekor.jpgDNew folderMmuGamma 1st SemBBF 2124 FM 211.jpgKeropok lekor is originat ed from Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia and it is a popular and most visible(a) deep- fry snack in Terengganu. Lots of local anesthetic on that point bop how to make this keropok lekor. on that pointfore, there are many stalls in Malaysia that sells keropok lekor. However, there is n cardinal in hypermart, cinemas and petrol station. This keropok lekor become very popular that we can ascertain it in other states of Malaysia such as Johor and Melaka. Perhaps, we could not find this type of snacks in country other than Malaysia because keropok lekor is a local Malay delicacy and specialty of Malaysia.Mamee-Double Decker (M) Berhad acquaints Mamee Lekor in two forms. First, the mini ball surface fried keropok lekor which publicity in a small plastic p distributively like Mamee Monster. Another one is peeled(prenominal) keropok lekor. DNew folderMmuGamma 1st SemBBF 2124 FM 2keropak_lekor.jpgThe fried keropok lekor in mini packing contains 10 mini balls of keropok lekor which sells RM1.50 per pack. The preceding(prenominal) picture is for illustration purpose only. To be to a greater extent attrative, we leave take shape it into mini balls to attract customers. We also evoke young keropok lekor in 700g per pack which sells at RM10. This fried mini keropok lekor get out expire in 4 to 5 days after take. How we are way out to cross this situation? We get out follow the Gardenias distribution strategy. We testament diffuse our workers to send new keropok lekor and collect back the expired one. Our workers are going to the retail store and supermarkets to send and collect Mamee Lekor 2 measure per hebdomad. This is to break that our products are fresh before reaches to our customers and consumers.Also, we get down raw keropok lekor to fulfill some households selects. They can cut it into the thickness they prefer and tyke or steam it. The main difference between the raw and ready fried mini jam-packed keropok lekor is that the raw keropok lekor c an keep for longer distributor point. On the other hand, the ready fried mini packed keropok lekor can only last indoors 5 days. Some household may buy the raw keropok lekor and kept in their freezer and fried it whenever they involve to eat. Since raw keropok lekor can be kept in a long period which is around one tendency of instruction, we design to merchandise it to other countries. We device to tradeing 700g of raw keropok lekor per pack to other countries selling at RM12 each. The selling equipment casualty is slightly high than in Malaysia because it already included the court that related to export activities. We intractable to export to Australia, Hong Kong and capital of Singapore. We export to a greater extent(prenominal) to Australia because it is the largest and fastest graveling export market compared to other countries. It has highest export rate of snack and confectionary from Mamee-Double Decker. We also export to Singapore and Hong Kong because w e want to introduce Mamee Lekor to Western and Asiatic countries as well.Why we beget keropok lekor? This is because it is a local traditional delicacy which not available in other countries. It is a specialty to foreigners because their countries do not have this food. So, we can monopolize Mamee Lekor in other countries. Besides, according to research, Mamee manager (M) Berhad s snacks and candy store occupied the highest demand compared to other catrgories. So we publish Mamee Lekor which is a descriptor of snacks to boost the demand.We will start our project by reaching out the children because no children dislike snacks and they like to try on new things. So, we decided to turn over Mamee Lekor to school canteens. It is packed in a mini pile same as Mamee Monster. It is cute and can attract children to try it. It is also convenient to consume. Moreover, in order to expand new market, we will distribute our Mamee Lekor to all cinemas such as Golden Screen Cinemas and MBO C inemas. Most of the people will carry a packet of snacks or a loose(p) box of popcorn into the theatre. As our Mamee Lekor is also a kind of snacks, we study that the demand will be higher(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) in cinemas. Also, Mamee Lekor can be a substitute good for those who do not like popcorn or other snacks for health conscious.As Our Mamee Lekor is made from fish and fried with unsaturated oil, it is high protein, monosodium glutamate (MSG)-free and less oily. Why we want to promote fit animatenessstyle? It is to follow Mamee-Double Decker (M) Berhads step. The company wants to produce products that are MSG-free, artificial colouring-free and oil-free. We produce keropok lekor in a healthy way to function consumers to consume without worries patch maintaining a balance and healthy lifestyle.Initial InvestmentWhen we wanted to produce the Keropok Lekor, we used 3 types of appliance like cartridge corpse, frying auto and promotion weapon. The molds a nd the usages are shown at a lower place pickup system is used to liquify the filled up fish with some ingredients. This utensil is the key in making Keropok Lekor and was the first step to produce the better product. The retail cost of this type of apparatus is RM 15,000 each. It is a franchised system, so the legal injury is fixed. We prepare keropok lekor from fish meat grounded with sago and salt these are then rolled and made into the shape of long tubes similar to sausages by this machine.CUsersPublicPicturesSample Picturesmoto_0117.jpgThe frying machine is used to fry Keropok Lekor after it was shaped into mini size by our labours. This machine has many functions such as continuous fines removal for change magnituded oil life and automatic oil level ascendency. It is easy to clean. Its superior oil temperature control helps to maintain fryer quality stability. The cost of purchasing the machine is RM 6,000 each.http//img.diytrade.com/cdimg/432764/3809036/0/1181816403/ Gas_ sauteing_Machine.jpghttp//i03.i.aliimg.com/photo/104903103/Horizontal_Packaging_Machine_v0.jpgAs shown the horizontal packaging machine. After the Keropok Lekor had been steam and fried, the packaging and leballing process happen. It is to keep keropok lekor last longer and maintain the taste. This machine cost RM 13,000 each.How many factories we have? We are going share some spaces in the liveing Mamee-Double Decker factories earlier than building extra factories. We pick out to share content with factories in Selangor, Perak, Johor and Sarawak. This is the strategic location as we can cater the demands of North, East, West, and federation of Malaysia.There are 2 cartridge system, 2 frying machines and 1 packaging machine in each factory. We use 2 catridge machine because one machine is not big decent to blend big amount of filled fish and other ingredient. When we use two of them together, the criminal maintenance cost will become lower when some of the parts broken. time on processing will also reduce 20% compare to big cartridge machine. Other than that, we use 2 frying machines because we ask to save cost especially in introducing the new product. The bigger and more technological systemally advance machine will cost higher. So we use 2 cartridge system and frying machine instead of the civilise one. The machines we use are expected to be able to serve large amount of labor. Lastly, for an newly introduced project, we expect that 1 packaging machine is enough to cater our production. It produces around 70 to 100 packs of keropok lekor per hour. With one packaging machine only, we can save our budget and consume less space.We are going to promote our new product by advertising on The realizeer1 newspaper. Why we choose to advertise on The Star rather than other newspapers? agree to Audit Bureau of Circulations from 1 July 2008 to 30 June 2009, The Star newspaper is the most famous newspaper in Malaysia in term of readership. It has bet ween 290,000 to ccc,000 readers. Moreover, The Star newspaper is an English-language newspaper which is readable for all races, for instance Malays, Chinese, Indian and others, in Malaysia.Additionally, we command to buy new vans to implement our distribution communicate strategy. severally second hand van would cost us RM 80,000 each. We plan to buy 2 vans for each factory. We will admit device driver to stock our distribution wampumwork to distribute and collect back our keropok lekor. socio-economic class 1In first family, we expect to sell 1,200 packs of mini ball keropok lekor and raw keropok lekor each day. That means each factory has to produce 300 packs of miniskirt keropok lekor and raw keropok lekor respectively. bring quantity produce of mini and raw keropok lekor = 300 packs per day x 4 factories x 30 days per month x 12 months per course of study = 432,000 packs repectively.gross r regularueMini keropok lekor stark naked keropok lekor exchange in menstruum in course of instruction 1Unit selling priceRM 1.50RM 10.00Quantity produce432,000432,000 gross gross gross sales wadRM 648,000RM 4,320,000RM 4,968,000The main ingredients of keropok lekor are ikan parang/kembong/selayang, sago flour, salt and water. The ingredient costs of mini and raw keropok lekor are RM 0.80 and RM 5.00 each part the packaging costs are RM 0.20 and RM 0.10 respectively. Packaging cost of mini keropok lekor is higher than raw keropok lekor because the packaging design will be more showy and attractive. Also, we request labours to help us shape mini keropok lekor and fry it. for each one labour cost is RM 800 per month. Each driver will have to live 2 times per week to distribute and collect mini keropok lekor. Each trip will cost RM 150 including petrol cost. So, each driver costs us RM 150 x 2 times per week x 4 times per month x 12 months x 4 factories = RM 57,600. courtsMini keropok lekorRaw keropok lekor section + packaging(RM0.80+RM0.20) x 432,000= RM 432,000(RM5+RM0.10) x 432,000= RM 2,203,200Labor6 labours X RM 800 X 12 months x 4 factories = RM 230,400Driver2 drivers x RM 57,600 = RM 115,200 silver escape cock(RM 432,000 + RM 2,203,200 + RM 230,400 + RM 115,200=RM 2,980,800 salary operating(a) exchange flow in social class 1 = RM 4,968,000 RM 2,980,800= RM 1,987,200Year 2Year 2, we estimate that our production will increase 5% as demand increases. Since first long time production is 864,000 units (432,000 units for mini and raw keropok lekor respectively), stratum 2 our productions will be 907,200 units (864,000 + 5%). That means production for each type is 453,600 units.Besides, as Mamee handler (M) Berhad generated about 30% of its gross revenue from the export markets which cover more than 80 countries across all continents, we plan to expand market and export raw keropok lekor to other countries. Each pack of raw keropok lekor, we will charge RM 12 which slightly higher than RM 10 to cover any expenses incur in ex port activities. In this year, we will export 100,000 units to Australia, 60,000 units to Hong Kong and 36,000 units to Singapore. In other words, we will export 25000, 15000 and 9000 units to these 3 countries in every 3 months.Why do we export more products to Australia? As Australia is the largest and fastest growing export market which contributed 18% of the total export sales in financial year 2009, we decided to export more products to the country. Other than Western country, we also export to Asian country such as Hong Kong. It not only helps to expand our market, but also introduce keropok lekor such a traditional cuisine to both Western and Asian countries. Besides, Singapore is our neighbour country and knows our cultures more as well as it contributed 9% of total export, so we choose to export to Singapore rather than other countries.SalesMini keropok lekorRaw keropok lekorExport raw keropok lekor bills inflow in year 2Unit selling priceRM 1.50RM 10.00RM 12.00Quantity pro duce453,600453,600196,000Sales volumeRM 680,400RM 4,536,000RM 2,352,000RM 7,568,400Due to increase in production, we have to add in additional 2 labours, 1 driver, 1 cartridge system, 1 packaging machine and 1 frying machine in each factory.CostsMini keropok lekorRaw keropok lekorExport (raw keropok lekor share + packaging(RM0.80+RM0.20) x 453,600= RM 453,600(RM5+RM0.10) x 453,600= RM 2,313,360(RM7+RM0.10)x196,000= RM 1,391,600Labor8 labours X RM 800 X 12 months x 4 factories = RM 307,200Driver3 drivers x RM 57,600 = RM 172,800Cartridge systemRM 15,000 x 1 unit x 4 factories = RM 60,000 packing material machineRM 13,000 x 1 unit x 4 factories = RM 52,000Frying machineRM 6,000 x 1 unit x 4 factories = RM 24,000 coin outflowRM 453,600+ RM 2,313,360+ RM 1,391,600+ RM 307,200+ RM 172,800+ RM 60,000+ RM 52,000+ RM 24,000 =RM 4,774,560Net operating cash in in flow in year 2 = RM 7,568,400 RM 4,774,560= RM 2,793,840Year 3We estimate that our sales in this year keep increasing and probab ly reach maturity. Our expected production excluding export will increases from 907,200 to 950,400 units which increases around 5 % of year 2s production. In other words, production for mini and raw keropok lekor is 475,200 units respectively.Additionally, we expect export rate of keropok lekor will increase 4 %, which is from 196,000 to 204,000 units. In this year, we have to add in more technologically advance machine to cater the increase in production. We will bribe more innovative cartridge system, packing machine and frying machine to improve productivity. We also hire 2 more labours and 1 more driver to help us run our business smoother. The additional driver can help us widen our distribution network to other places. We expect that the cost of labour will become slightly higher which is from RM 800 to RM900. It is to increase their motivation to work and maybe due to inflation.SalesMini keropok lekorRaw keropok lekorExport raw keropok lekorCash inflow in year 3Unit selling priceRM 1.50RM 10.00RM 12.00Quantity produce475,200475,200204,000Sales volumeRM 712,800RM 4,752,000RM 2,448,000RM 7,912,800CostsMini keropok lekorRaw keropok lekorExport (raw keropok lekorIngredient + packaging(RM0.80+RM0.20) x 475,200= RM 475,200(RM5+RM0.10) x 475,200= RM 2,423,520(RM7+RM0.10)x204,000= RM 1,448,400Labor10 labours X RM 900 X 12 months x 4 factories = RM 432,000Driver4 drivers x RM 57,600 = RM 230,400Cartridge systemRM 20,000 x 1 unit x 4 factories = RM 80,000Packing machineRM 20,000 x 1 unit x 4 factories = RM 80,000Frying machineRM 10,000 x 1 unit x 4 factories = RM 40,000Cash outflowRM 475,200+ RM 2,423,520+ RM 1,448,400+ RM 432,000+ RM 230,400+ RM 80,000+ RM 80,000+ RM 40,000 =RM 5,209,520Net operating cash flow in year 3 = RM 7,912,800 RM 5,209,520= RM 2,703,280This year, although expected sales increases, net operating cash flow decreases. This is because we plan to do expansion by adding more technologically advance machines. This is logic as whenever a firm manages to cover up their initial investiture, what they susceptibility do is to do expansion.Year 4Out of expectation, probably the demand for our keropok lekor might go down. Perhaps there is new competitors exist in market. Who knows they envy of our high sales volume and might want to compete with us? With our 3 years brand recognition, perhaps our sales would not upchuck too badly. So, our expected production will be 920,000 units which are 3% less than previous year. Production of mini and raw keropok lekor will be 460,000 units respectively. As production decreases, we do not have to hire much driver for distribution network. We will cut down 1 driver to cut expense of RM 57,600. However, we will remain our existing labours. As we believe that, whenever there is an obstacle, we will find out a way to curb it and boost future sales as well as production. Thus, we do not want to loss any well- trained and patriotic labour. Still, in order to handle any possible changes in f uture, we have a pessimistic view that the cost of ingredient will increase. We indicate that the unit cost of mini keropok lekor will increase from RM0.80 to RM0.90 tour raw keropok lekor will increase from RM5 to RM 5.50.On the other hand, our export rate will keep on increasing. We expect our production will be 210,000 units which is 3% higher than in year 3. Why do we forecast that the export rate will increase? Why not decrease? Because, even if foreign competitor wants to compete with us, they might lead some times to figure out how to produce such a Malay local cuisine which is available in Malaysia only. This is our local special food, so of course there is some recipe that other countries do not know. Also, since there is a decrease in Malaysias sales and an increase of export rate, we do not have to add in any new machine.SalesMini keropok lekorRaw keropok lekorExport raw keropok lekorCash inflow in year 4Unit selling priceRM 1.50RM 10.00RM 12.00Quantity produce460,0004 60,000210,000Sales volumeRM 690,000RM 4,600,000RM 2,520,000RM 7,810,000CostsMini keropok lekorRaw keropok lekorExport (raw keropok lekorIngredient + packaging(RM0.90+RM0.20) x 460,000= RM 506,000(RM5.50+RM0.10) x 460,000= RM 2,576,000(RM7.50+RM0.10)x210,000= RM 1,596,000Labor10 labours X RM 900 X 12 months x 4 factories = RM 432,000Driver3 drivers x RM 57,600 = RM 172,800Cash outflowRM 506,000 + RM 2,576,000 + RM 1,596,000 + RM 432,000 + RM 172,800 = RM 5,282,800Net operating cash flow in year 4 = RM 7,810,000 RM 5,282,800= RM 2,527,200Year 5Assume that there is a sink in sales, of course we will take some actions to increase the sales back. In this year, we plan to open kiosk in hypermarket. Together there will be one kiosk in Melaka, Kuala Lumpur, Penang and Johor Bahru respectively. Rental of each kiosk is expected to be RM 800. We will hire 2 workers to help us operate the kiosk. Since we sell freshly cooked keropok lekor on the spot, we will need to purchase one frying machin e for each kiosk. We also need some budgets for setup cost.With the above strategy, we believe that we able to boost our sales for at least 2%. Our expected production will be 940,000 units which is 470,000 units for each type of keropok lekor. Furthermore, we predict that our export rate of keropok lekor will grow at a decreasing rate which is 1% only. Our expected export rate will be 212,000 units. We are going to hire 2 more labours to help us to run our business to avoid add on shortage and to employ any future strategy. We need 1 more driver to widen our distribution network, and send raw keropok lekor to our kiosk to ensure there is no shortage problem. No additional machine is inevitable as we already added in technologically advance machines in previous year which able to cater higher production.SalesMini keropok lekorRaw keropok lekorExport raw keropok lekorCash inflow in year 5Unit selling priceRM 1.50RM 10.00RM 12.00Quantity produce470,000470,000212,000Sales volumeRM 70 5,000RM 4,700,000RM 2,544,000RM 7,949,000CostsMini keropok lekorRaw keropok lekorExport (raw keropok lekorIngredient + packaging(RM0.90+RM0.20) x 470,000= RM 517,000(RM5.50+RM0.10) x 470,000= RM 2,632,000(RM7.50+RM0.10)x212,000= RM 1,611,200Labor12 labours X RM 900 X 12 months x 4 factories = RM 518,400Driver4 drivers x RM 57,600 = RM 230,4004 Kiosk ExpensesCalculationsTotalRentalRM 800 x 4 kiosks x 12monthsRM 38,400WorkersRM 800 x 2workers x 4 kiosks x 12 monthsRM 76,800Frying machineRM 3000 x 4 kiosksRM 12,000 apparatusRM 1,500 x 4 kioksRM 6,000Total expenses for kiosksRM 133,200Cash outflow in year 5RM 517,000 + RM 2,632,000 + RM 1,611,200 + RM 518,400 + RM 230,400 + RM 133,200 = RM 5,642,200Net Operating cash flow in year 5 = RM 7,949,000 RM 5,642,200= RM 2,306,800Although expected sales increases, net operating cash flow slightly decreases, it is due to the investment in kiosks. Yet, we believe that next years sales and net operating cash flow will increase simultaneously.RM 1 ,987,200 RM 2,793,840 RM 2,703,280 RM 2,527,200 RM 2,306,800o 1 2 3 4 5 yearRM 1,140,000The time line above depicts the conventional cash flow of our project. There is only one cash outflow for initial investment in year 0. From year 2 to 5, there is positive net operating cash flow. The net cash flow rotates from year 1 to 2 because we export raw keropok lekor to other countries and increase revenues. In year 3, the sales keep on increasing but net cash flows drop as we do expansion by purchasing additional machines for engineering science advancement. During year 4, we predict that there will be new competitors exist to compete with us. Our sales drop slightly but net cash flow increases, because we try to cut cost and do not need to add in new capital. The next year, we employ a new strategy which is to open kiosk in hypermarket to sell freshly fried keropok lekor. We predict that our sales will increase slightly. But wherefore net cash flow descend? Because we need some costs on operating the kioks. In short, our net cash flow thoroughout the year is up and down, but we manage to keep it at positive level. From other point of view, there will be up and down, because when any unfavourable things incur, we try to solve it and up the net cash flow again.Cost of bullyThe cost of capital acts as a link between Mamee Double-Decker (M) Berhad s long term investment decisions (keropok lekor project) and the wealth of their owners as pertinacious by investors in the marketplace. It is the magic number that is used to decide whether a proposed investment will increase or decrease the firms stock price. The cost of capital is the rate of return that Mamee Double-Decker (M) Berhad must earn on the keropok lekor project in which it invests to maintain the market harbor of its stock.In this project, we will use Mamee Double-Decker (M) Berhads bear earnings to cover our new project. Cost of retained earnings is a cost of internally generated funds. It is an impute d or chance cost or the dividends given up by the common stockholders. It is the rate that investors can earn elsewhere on investments of comparable risk.Why we choose to use cost of retained earnings rather than issuing new shares or bonds? The main reason is that we notice Mamee Double-Decker (M) Berhad is proposing share buy-back. According to research, they plan to buy back the shares by victimisation their retained earnings. So, why do we still want to use its retained earnings to support our new project? This is because we cannot issue additional shares or bonds to raise capital. Mamee Double-Decker (M) Berhad proposed share buy-back is to reduce number of shares outstanding and increase their share price. So, we do not want to do the opposite way. Moreover, Mamee Double-Decker (M) Berhad is very strong. It holds RM 43,457,000 cash, fix and bank balances without borrowing any long term debt. It finances itself with cash only. That is why we do not want to raise capital by i ssuing bond which is a type of long term debt. Although levy is deductible when we issue bonds/debts/loans, we do not want to break the rules and rise their financial risk. They do not finance themselves with any debt, perhaps they want to reduce their risk for no need to pay out coupon payment and principal to their debtors.Besides, we choose to raise capital by using retained earnings because our initial investment only takes 9% of their boilersuit retaining earnings. Their retained earnings in financial year 2009 are RM 83,977,000 plot of ground our initial investment is RM 1,140,000. Our payback period shows that we could cover it up at heart 1 year. Yet, without being over optimistic, there is always something unfavourable happen, so we predict that we could cover up the initial investment within 2 years.Cost of retained earnings= D1 / P0 + gThe dividend per share from year 2000 to 2009 is shown belowYearDividend per shareYearDividend per share20005.5 cents200514 cents20015 .5 cents200620 cents20025.5 cents200725 cents20036.0 cents20085 cents200410 cents20097 centsInputFunction-5.5PV7.0FV9NGrowth of dividends= 2.71% (by using financial calculator)According to Bloomberg Businessweek2, expected dividend in 2010 is RM 0.10 while share price of Mamee Double-Decker (M) Berhad is RM 3.70.Cost of retained earnings = (RM 0.10 / RM 3.70) + 2.71%= 5.41 %In short, our cost of raising capital by using Mamee Double-Decker (M) Berhads retained earnings is 5.41%. The cost of capital will be applied when shrewd NPV of the company.Payback PeriodPayback period can be delineate as the amount of time required for a firm to notice its initial investment in a project, as calculated from cash flow. Payback period which also calculated asPayback period = RM 1,140,000 / RM 1,987,000= 0.57 yearsBasically, payback period is used by small firms to try most projects or small projects in larger firms. The computation is undecomposable and easy to apply. By measuring how quickly the firms get to date back from its initial investment, payback period gives implicit consideration to the timing of cash flows. numerous firms use payback period as a decision standard to other decision as it can be viewed as a measure of risk exposure. The longer the firm must wait to recover its invested fund, the greater the possibility of a calamity. So, the shorter the payback period, the lower the firms exposure to such risk.Payback period cannot be specified in light of wealth maximization goal because it is not based on discounting cash flows to delimitate whether they add to the firms value. Payback period is viewed as an unsophisticated capital budgeting proficiency because it does not explicitly consider the time value of money.The calculation above shows that payback period for our new project is one year. Why is it so short? It is because our cash inflow in year 1 which is RM 1,987,200 is higher than the initial investment which is RM1,140,000. So, we get to cover back our initial investment and have an extra of RM 847,200 of revenue in year one. We should be cheering that we able to pay back the initial investment within one year but please do not forget that it does rebuff the time value of money.In finance, we always mention time value of money. But, do we really know what does it mean? Well,

Good Man Hard to Find Essay -- essays papers

Good Man sticky to becomeOConnors A Good Man Is Hard to Find In A Good Man Is hard to Find, Flannery OConner really puts the reader in the spunk class mode and throws a little religion at us. By this I mean that she takes us to an important part of her mind and soul. iodine could even say that she lets the Devil come out in her give little way. In reading A Good Man is Hard to Find, we find ourselves in a setting of a lower fondness class family with a dominant mother, annoying grandmother and a neigh mother-in-law. I tend to believe that she is to be the main character. The grandmother is case of godliness and Christianity. However just from this one story I draw in the feeling that she could be telling of the changes that took place in the US later on W.W. II when violence began to grow rapidly. Women were coming home from the war, and men were demanding their voting rights. In the 50s crime was on everyones mind, on television and in the moon. OConnors knew ta ht order of magnitude was drastically changing for the worse, and she probably knew that one day wed ...

Developmental Origins of Permanent Inequality from Neolithic Revolution

The mutationary evolution of culture can be canvas by a shift in complexity of social organization. universe of discourse growth triggered a need for cohesion, resource surplus, distribution and regulations of surplus implicating general macrocosm trade networks. These causal factors of the neolithic Revolution incorporate other potential causal factors that implies through these three pathways a sociopolitical transformation developed, Urbanization. By identifying the Neolithic revolutionary factors this paper will be able to outright correlate the urbanization aspect in a generalized endeavor and import description. 12,000-6,500 years ago, the Neolithic period laid down a sociopolitical foundation that through various entities and cultural factors developed into a speedy and revolutionary sociopolitical system. Subsequently, because the complexity of Urbanization is multifaceted and multivariable in its genesis I choose to focus my efforts on Ancient Near East Pre-Pottery Neolithic in turn narrowing the perspective to key causal factors, cosmos growth, ritual beliefs, and trade, which in my opinion atomic number 18 the base elements of social complexities (Overlay in population growth resulting in new technology, and social developments, as wholesome as religion being a technology of control through administration of surplus agricultural assets, economics and new technology are enhanced through tradethe process of Neolithic to urban revolution is succinctly intertwined.), also linking urbanization factors to their potential Neolithic effect.There is no doubt that population growth played a significant component in the transition from bands and chiefdoms to state-level societies. Population was at once the cause and effect of this shift in civ... ...ssumption that seemingly all the points are the result of sedentismor population increase. Mesopotamia, during the Neolithic revolution was primed for domestication and agriculture. The shift is env ironmental temperatures gave way to the ability to create permanent settlements. It is through these permanent settlements and technology of agriculture that inequality was created. In order to control the growing population and expanding foodways a social complexity was needed. There had to be someone to say who does what and when, power, was then established, and upheld through religious connotations and exclusivity propaganda. It is through writing this paper that I completely agree that, Neolithic revolution was a technological breakthrough (Acemoglu 20092). Technology adds complexity it was a natural progression into the origins of permanent inequality.

Euclid’s Elements and the Axiomatic Method Essay -- Mathematics Geomet

at that place is no royal road to geometry. Euclid Euclids Elements are predominantly the roughly fundamental concepts of mathematics, but his perspective on geometry was the model for over both millennia. He is believed by many to be the leading mathematics instructor of all time. However, little is known about his life outside of mathematics, or even when he was born or when he died. According to a passage written by Proclus, Euclid probably lived after Ptolemy and the pupils of Plato, but came onwards Archimedes and Eratosthenes. This places his existence sometime around 300 B.C. Euclid is most famous for having denounce the guidelines for geometry and arithmetic written in Euclids Elements, a series of bakers dozen books in which Euclid states definitions, postulates, and theorems for mathematical concepts that are still used today. What is most extraordinary about the Elements is the simple, rational, and very logical structure in which Euclid presents the accumul ated geometrical knowledge from the past several centuries of Greek mathematicians. The manner in which the propositions feature been derived is considered to be the prime model of the axiomatic mode. (Hartshorne 296). Euclids axiomatic method works by starting from a small number of definitions and assumptions at the beginning, so that all the succeeding results are proved by logical conclusion from what has gone before. In essence it is no more than a method of proving that results are correct. Many of Euclids proofs are constructions, all of which can be done using no more than a ruler and a compass and rely only on the theorems and rules of the system. Despite having developed this unyielding system of proofs, Euclid did not actually demonstrate everyt... ... of Nebraska Press, 1991. Blumenthal, Leonard M. A new View of Geometry. San Fransisco W.H. Freeman and Company, 1961. Greenberg, Marvin Jay. Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geomet ries. New York W.H. Freeman and Company, 1993. Hartshorne, Robin. Geometry, Euclid and Beyond. New York Springer, 2000. Hofstadter, Douglas R.. Gdel, Escher, Bach An Eternal Golden Braid. New York Basic Books, 1975 Narkiewicz, Wladyslaw. The Development of point Number Theory From Euclid to Hardy and Littlewood. Brlin Springer-Verlag, 2000. Singer, David A. Geometry Plane and Fancy. New York Springer, 1998. Internet SourcesJoyce, D. E. Euclids Elements. 1997, online. http//aleph0.clarku.edu/djoyce/java/elements/toc.html (September 18, 2002)

William Wells Brown and the Jefferson and Hemings Scandal Essay example

William Wells Brown and the Jefferson and Hemings Scandal William Wells Brown wrote Clotel or The Presidents Daughter, a (fiction) novel based on the rumors surrounding doubting doubting Thomas Jeffersons mapping with wisecrack Hemings, his slave. Brown learned of the dirt while working in several antislavery activities following his escape from slavery in 1834. Brown valued not only to improve the social status of blacks and to support abolition through his writing, but also to encourage his readers to develop a quizzical relationship to glorified stories of the areaal past (Levine 15). He chose to write a novel that not only questioned slavery, but also questioned the validity of the principles that this nation was grounded on.Rumors about the affair between Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings were circulating on a small scale after Hemings gave birth to several children who were observably light-skinned. Visitors as early as 1796 to Monticello, Jeffersons home in Virgin ia, often noted, Mr. Jeffersons slaves had uncomplete in their color nor features a single trace of their origin (Rothman 87). It was empty to many that the slave children at Monticello were the result of interracial sexual relationships. not until James Callender made a public accusation in 1802, however, did the scandal make its way into the press.James Callender was a supporter of Jeffersonian republican politics, and he began writing political columns for the Philadelphia Gazette in the 1790s. His views were more essential than those of the political party that he supported, however, and his writing was untactful. He attacked politicians who belonged to other parties, and uncovered scandals where scandals could be found (or created?). He was eventually fire... ...lgram, Jeff. In Jefferson-Hemings DNA test, media found failing Research director sees biggest science story as widely misinterpreted. mail boat Online. 29 Apr. 2000<http//www.google. com/imgres?imgurl=http//www .pacpubserver.com/new/new s/images/philosophicock. jpg&imgrefurl=http//www.pacpubserver. com/new/news /4-29 00/jefferson.html&h=325&w=326&sz=26&tbnid=hIml z3nbCtYJ&tbnh=113&tb nw=113 &start=11 &prev=/images%3Fq%3DThomas%2BJefferson,%2B Sally%2 BHemings%26svnum%3D 10%26h1%3Den%261r%3D%26sa%3DG.Rothman, Joshua D. James Callender and Social familiarity of Interracial Sex in Antebellum Virginia. Jan Ellen Lewis, and Peter S. Onuf. Sally Hemings & Thomas Jefferson History, Memory, and Civic Culture. Charlottesville University Press of Virginia, 1999. A Philosophic Cock, a caricature of Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings, 1802 (Milgram 1).

Essay --

creature cruelty, also c onlyed brute abuse, is the gentle infliction of suffering or harm upon non-human faunas, for purposes other than self-protection or survival. To me, animal cruelty is wrong and is a serious loose all around the world and must be stopped. Animal exam is a form of animal cruelty that if gone wrong is considered as animal cruelty. Animal examination layabout be considered good if the scientists take for grantedt painfully harm the animals. The only animals that should be used for testing argon mice, rats, and hamsters, not cats or dogs or other house pets. How can somebody have the audacity to harm any animal? Animal testing is used for trialing new medicines, cosmetics, and injections to know they are safe for humans, only when what scientists do to the animals in labs is gruesome. There are pros and cons of this debate, but mainly cons because who wants to station blistering in a cute bunnys eye for no reason. Some pros are that, animal testing h as contributes to many life-saving cures and treatments much(prenominal) as experimenters removed the pancreas from dogs which led to the discovery of insulin which sa... Essay -- Animal cruelty, also called animal abuse, is the human infliction of suffering or harm upon non-human animals, for purposes other than self-defense or survival. To me, animal cruelty is wrong and is a serious issue all around the world and must be stopped. Animal testing is a form of animal cruelty that if gone wrong is considered as animal cruelty. Animal testing can be considered good if the scientists dont painfully harm the animals. The only animals that should be used for testing are mice, rats, and hamsters, not cats or dogs or other house pets. How can someone have the audacity to harm any animal? Animal testing is used for trialing new medicines, cosmetics, and injections to know they are safe for humans, but what scientists do to the animals in labs is gruesome. There are pros and cons of this debate, but mainly cons because who wants to put acid in a cute bunnys eyes for no reason. Some pros are that, animal testing has contributes to many life-saving cures and treatments such as experimenters removed the pancreas from dogs which led to the discovery of insulin which sa...

The Storms of Villette Essay -- Storms of Villette Essays

The Storms of Villette In Charlotte Bronts novel, Villette, Bront strategically uses the brutality and magnitude of yawl squeezes to propel her narrator, Lucy Snowe, into unchartered social territories of friendship and love. In her most shifting act, the fate of Lucy and M. capital of Minnesota is clouded at the end of the novel by an ominous and malicious storm. By examining Bronts manipulation of two earlier storms which duplicate the scope and foreboding of this last storm -- the storm Lucy encounters during her sickness later on visiting confession and the storm which detains her at Madame Walravens abode -- the reader is provided with a way in which to understand the vague and despairing ending. A pine vacation from school precedes the first storm and it is during this vacation, where Lucy is left predominately alone, that the reader feels the mount depth and emptiness of Lucys solitude. She says, But all this was nothing I also felt those autumn suns and saw those harvest moons, and I almost wished to be covered in with earth and turf, deep out of their influence for I could not live in their light, nor make them comrades, nor yield them affection (230). by and by a resulting fit of delirium and depression, Lucy attends confession at a Catholic church solely in order to receive kind manner of speaking from another human being. It is at this low, after her leaving the church, that the first storm takes shape. Caught without shelter, Lucy falls victim to the storms brute force. She remembers that she ...bent her head to meet it, but it work over her back (236). However, though appearing destructive, this overpowering force serves to deliver her into the pass of Dr. John and his mother, Mrs. Bretton, Lucys godmother fro... .... We have seen what good can come from a destructive disturbance for Lucy and in such fashion, we can only assume that this good volition come again. Lucy will be further united to her dear M. Paul and to herself. B ront has outlined this as the form to be followed and as readers, we must optimistically obey. Sources Cited and Consulted Books Allott, Miriam. Charlotte Bronte Jane Eyre and Villette. MacMilan, London 1973 Bront, Charlotte. Villette. London Penguin, 1985. Nestor, Pauline. Critical Studies of Jane Eyre. St. Martins Press, NY 1992. Websites Cody, David and Everett, Glenn et al. The Victorian Web. Brown University 1993 http//65.107.211.206/victov.html Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. Litrix Reading mode 1999. http//www.litrix.com/janeeyre/janee001.htm1

1929 Stock Market Crash :: essays research papers

The 1929 Stock Market chime inIn early 1928 the Dow Jones Average went from a low of 191 early in the year, to a high of 300 in December of 1928 and peaked at 381 in September of 1929. (1929) It was anticipated that the increases in lolly and dividends would continue. (1929) The price to earnings ratings rose from 10 to 12 to 20 and higher for the securities industrys favorite stocks. (1929) Observers believed that stock market prices in the first 6 months of 1929 were high, opus others saw them to be cheap. (1929) On October 3rd, the Dow Jones Average began to drop, declining through the week of October 14th. (1929)On the night of Mon solar day, October 21st, 1929, margin calls were heavy and Dutch and German calls came in from foreign to sell overnight for the Tuesday morning opening. (1929) On Tuesday morning, out-of-town banks and corporations sent in $150 million of call loans, and Wall Street was in a panic before the New York Stock Exchange opened. (1929)On Thursday, Octo ber 24th, 1929, throng began to sell their stocks as fast as they could. Sell orders flooded the market exchanges. (1929) This day became known as Black Thursday. (Black Thursday) On a normal day, only 750-800 members of the New York Stock Exchange started the exchange. (1929) There were 1100 members on the floor for the morning opening. (1929) Furthermore, the exchange directed all employees to be on the floor since there were numerous margin calls and sell orders placed overnight. unornamented telephone staff was also arranged at the members boxes around the floor. (1929) The Dow Jones Average closed at 299 that day. (1929)On Tuesday, October 29th, 1929, the crash began. (1929) inside the first few hours, the price fell so far as to wipe out all gains that had been made the entire previous year. (1929) This day the Dow Jones Average would close at 230. (1929) Between October 29th, and November 13 over 30 billion dollars disappeared from the American economy. (1929) It took nearl y 25 years for many of the stocks to recover. (1929)By mid November, the value of the New York Stock Exchange listings had dropped over 40%, a loss of $26 billion. (1929-1931) At one point in the crash tickers were 68 blink of an eyes behind. (1929-1931) An average of about $50,000,000 a minute was wiped out on the exchange. (1929-1931) A few investors that lost all of their funds jumped to their deaths from office buildings.

Body Systems :: Human Body

Body SystemsThere are 10 torso systems, unitary of them is the Integumentary (skin). It is imperturbable of hair, skin, nails, sence receptions and oil glands. Its functionisto protect from outside, to regulate the body temperature, to light up synthesis ofhormones & chemicals and is used as a sense organ. other one is the Skeletal System ( clappers). It is made of about 206 bones, thatare change integrity in tho categories axial bones (in the body by itself) andapendicular bones (arms & legs). We have Joints too. Theire divided in BallSocket (like jostle and shoulders) and sattle (fingers). This systems functionare movement, storage of minerals, blood formation, financial support of the body andprotection of body parts. The next one is the Muscular System. It is composed ofmuscles (dah). The muscles are divided in visceral or in instinctive or smooth (Theone in the organs, like intestines), skeletal or voluntary or striated (foundsuperficial to the bones, like biceps, t riceps...) and cardiac (heart). Theirfunctions are movement, to maintain body posture & tone and in the production ofbody heat. this instant its time for the Nervous System. Its constructed of the brain, the spinalcord and the nerves (neurons). Its functions are to pass on (fast with shortduration), integration, and to control. The subsequent system is the EndocrineSystem (known as ductless too...). This is composed of a lot of things... Theyarepituitary gland - to a lower place the brain (master gland), pineal gland - brain (Itscalled the "third philia" by some, because its sensitive to light cycles),hypothalamus - also in the brain (it whole works with the pituitary), the thyrodic -