Concept of Competitive Advantage | Literature Review

Concept of Competitive Advantage Literature ReviewAbstract-This article addresses the issues of the arisement of the concept of private-enterprise(a) favors. It is ground on theories of distinct writers, their accounting and a literature review of these theories. Competitive vantages arises from different squ ars attributes and characteristics that e very(prenominal)(prenominal)ow one loyal to create better customer value than do former(a)s. Competitive emolument includes ownership of assets and their piazzas. To achieve and sustain competitory favour, a riotous or manufacture need to create creativity. Strategic management theories agree the concept of belligerent emolument and explain the public presentation and ability of the firm and describe how we can run the firm in the right direction.Introduction -The concept of war-ridden advantage argon quiet analogous in different industries or firms and writers are explain in different ways but they rotate on same p oint for example superior surgical procedure of the firm in a decent manner. There are various theoretical frame run for are lend oneself to explain competitive advantage. Competitive advantage arises from the differential among firms along whatsoever dimensions of firm to create better customer value against the competitors. The basic purpose of this coursework to betoken how firm can gain their position in the market. This coursework can help to analyse different theories of management and give an integrative framework that helps management practitioners consistently analyse the nature and cause of competitive advantage in a different manner.LITERATURE REVIEW-There are basically five forces to develop basic foundations include competitors, threat of new entrants substitute crops, bargaining power of suppliers and bargaining power of buyers. Companies are fighting with each other and some of them are defend itself against these competitive forces ( hall porter 1998).The resour ces and capabilities of a firm are the central consideration in formulating its outline. The resource based theory approach to strategy formulated understands the kinship between resources, capabilities, competitive advantage and profitability. gibe to writer in that location are four factors which are useful for the firm to incr rest period their depth i.e. strategy, competitive advantage, capabilities and resources (Grant 1991). gibe to writer he relates the competitive advantage with a theory of comparative advantage. According to his theory he say that the comparative advantage theory back up from the same weakness as a neoclassical theory of the firm. So consort to writer the idea of competitive advantage gives explanatory power of strategy and memorial tablet. The success of firm in the market depends upon the organisation work of firm, sector and their interrelationship. They sought where a competitive advantage could be established by devolving organizational superi ority (Bagnoli. et. al 2003).There can be a heterogeneity or firm level differences among firms that allow some of them to sustain competitive advantage. The of import concept of theory are based on four points i.e. valuable, rare imperfectly unite able, without strategically equivalent substitutes (Barney 1991).The ability of the firm is stay before of competition with the help of their superior performance and leaderships. So competitive advantage is directly proportional to competition either it is in different departments or in different firm throughout the world. Manager could understand the current position of the firm. In short porter argues that strategy is a race to get an paragon position in the market and differentiate itself for targeting customer (Porter 1998).Scholars in the strategy field are concerned fundamentally with explaining differential firm performance. As strategy scholars have searched for sources of competitive advantage. Two prominent views have emerge d regarding the source of supernormal returns. Primarily a function of a firm membership in an assiduity with favourable structural characteristics and secondly is that differential firm performance is fundamentally due to firm heterogeneity rather than industry structure (Rumlet et.al 1994).Competition in any industry does not stem only for competitors and it also castd by the underlying structure of the industry. Additionally author stresses competitive advantage, which is created and hence can be controlled by individual firms and not comparative advantage (access to factors of production like loud or natural resources), which is mainly inherited (Porter 1985).The purpose of the industrial organization was the internal competition of the industry. This aim was inverted to produce models aim at helping firms realize supernormal returns by surreptitious way of competition (Barney 1986).The information and implementation of new ideas by people who overtime engage in transaction s with other deep down an institutional context (Van 1989).The generation, acceptance and implementations of new ideas, processes, products and function to create a market and competition against the competitors (Kanter 1983).Different researchers attempt to explain the superior performance of the firm. They explain how firm can gain their better position in the market. Some of them say, the leading hypothesis is that sustained superior performance coming from sustained competitive advantage Barney (1997). But on the other pass around Grant (1998) can relate the superior performance of the firm with competitive advantage. According to them competitive advantage and superior performance of the firm are different unit to each other. Theories are different as the source of competitive advantage. Because some time firm gain their superior performance by victimisation different tactics like monopoly, because they want to maintain their position or protect their position against the c ompotators. This is the best point according to the big firms, because they create monopoly in the market and try to protect their position (Caves et. al 1977)Sometimes the superior performance of the firm depends on the level of the firm, business unit, corporation or industry. Because in big firms the power of gaining is more as equal with slim firms. So small firms cannot compete the large firms (Powell et. al 1997). Better explanation for superior performance may exist, it has specifiable causes and these causes are tied to perform distributors may be fellow simple heuristics or stem for a single process such(prenominal) as problem solving Popper (1972).According to Powell (1996), strategic management has not told us the significant debate on the competitive advantage. According to writer there are two proportions are important to increase the performance of the firm. First one is the dependent variable (superior performance) of the firm and secondly independent variables incl ude competitive advantage. He separates these two proportions and gives the relationship between them. On the other hired hand if we examine this theory with other theories like Porter (1998) theory. His attention toward the firm and how overmuch firm create competition in the market and how much effort put by firm to stay ahead against the competitors. But according to Robert (1999) sustainable competitive advantage is not necessary or important for the superior performance of the firm. But on the other hand Barney (1996) can relate sustainable competitive advantage with the performance of the firm.There is substantial agreement with in the literature on the price, cost and differentiation definition of competitive advantage. But according to Reed (1990) competitive advantage does not play a vital role for making the firms strategy. He creates a link between competitive advantage and competence. He says competitive advantage can be derived from numerous sources and advantage can come from competence and this competence can control by firm and can be manipulated with in the strategy to generate advantage for performance. On the other hand Porter (1998) says superior performance of the firm is due to the competitive advantage. He relates competitive advantage directly with the competition, so the ability of the firm to stay ahead of competition with help of their superior performance. But the major increment comes when Hofer (1978) described competitive advantage the unique position of an organization developed against the competitors through its patterns of resources deployments. He suggesting that competitive advantage ensues from competencies. They also say that competitive advantage as something can be use with the firm strategy. As such competencies and competitive advantage are independent variables while a firm performance is the dependant variables.(Mahoney et. al 1992) suggests in his article about the special issue in his article. He says firm phys ical resources and its capabilities interact to create competitive advantage. He seeks to reconcile the resources and capabilities based theories of competitive advantage through the theory of invisible assets. This theory was proposed by (Itami et. al 1987) holds that experience and constitute the principle source of sustainable competitive advantage.If we talk about the competitive advantage then we cannot neglect the overall progress of the country. Some governments can support their industrial sector because industrial sector is directly proportional to the economy of the country especially we can see in china and in of United States of America. So according to Porter (1998) specific elements condition the inter interior(a) success of an enterprise in a certain segments. He figures out that the enterprises of an inferior cost or differentiated product to assert them worldwide. According to them through the world(prenominal)ization of the economic game enterprise to improve thei r competitive advantage. The same thing can explain by other writers. To create a competitive advantage, the enterprise is required to progress to innovate and to discover the best competitive opportunities and exploit them. So create an opportunity against the competitors Robert (1999).According too many writers and their theories, why a country is more competitive than others. The national competitiveness comes from macro-economic phenomena directed by change rate, interest rate, deficit of the national budget. On the other hand some of them Robert (1999) says some companies or industrial sector are try to compete with cheap work force of with cheap raw material. The big example of this point is China. In china the work force is very cheap and there is no tax on any import and export. Chines government are support their industrial sector and improve their economy.According to the writer, the creation and capture of private and social value by firm that adopt corporate social respo nsibility strategies. So to achieve a competitive advantage is a responsibility of a manager to accomplish their objective. He relates this theory with the economics such as hedonic pricing, contingent valuation and the new literature on the economics of industrial organization. The same kind of things was treat by Barney (1986) in his journal and also by porter (1998) in his book.Sometime researchers are not depending on the same point. Because in every occurrence they have a different task and every case of superior performance is unique, extreme and non-generalization Starbucks (1992). But according to (Bowen et. al 1999), competitive advantage has generated a large volume of scholarly output, both theoretical and empirical. So strategic management researchers has not produced a same effect on the competitive advantage. around empirical studies infer the existence of competitive advantages.Examples of competitive advantage-The most powerful example of achieving competitive adv antage against the competitors is an orchard apple tree friendship. First this company based on computers but after that Apple has established a stellar reputation for developing products that there customer needs and want. The iPhones, iPods and iPads each combine functionally, ease of use, which not merely satisfy but de swooning the customers. They promote their products in a different manner like music for iPods and application software for iPhones. The competitors of Apple Company try to compete by using different hardware features, sometime same features like touchscreen and applications but they cannot compete the Apple Company. The main curtilage of this happening because Apples instance secrecy about its product development makes it hard for imitation to begin before the product is launched, thats why Apples Company takes advantage over others. Secondly Apple Company gives useful applications like iTunes by being first on attractive fixed charges. So finally prove itself all over the world with their outstanding performance and services.Chinas is the second most powerful country economically now a days, because of their industrial sector. Chines government support their industry in a decent way and help to improve their strength. In textile sector China play a vital role throughout the world. In 2005 china controlled one third markets of garments in Europe and one fourth markets in United States of America. More than 50% of the market capture by China all over the world in textile sector. There are few reasons why china is dominant in the market. Firstly the lump rate is increased all over the world and due to this reason the prices are going up. Secondly low labour cost as compare with Europe and United States of America. In china the utility cost is very low due to the support of their government to their industrial sector. On the other hand Pakistan, India and honking are try to give some competition but they are given so much competition and th e market are increased very dramatically. The same thing was discuss by Robert (1999) in his article. He says how much cheap labour and material are affected the overall progress of the company (Brambilla. et. al 2007).In 2004, when Danish maker of interconnecting brick toys had lost money each of the previous six years, its survival as an independent company was in jeopardy. Lego had been harmed by falling birth-rates in many developed countries, by low-cost imitations, and by their many boy customers switching from traditional toys to video games and personal computers. This is very arouse thing when your business will decrease due to birth rate. Because the A poorly-conceived attempt at diversification followed. When Jordan Knudstorp was appointed CEO, in addition to divesting noncore businesses and cutting costs, he worked to enhance Legos competitive advantages. Because of its philosophy of learning through play, Lego had avoided toys about fighting or violence, despite the in terest of boys in both. By leveraging Legos strong deformity name, design capability and quality reputation into products based on Star Wars, Batman, and Ferrari race cars, Legos turnaround gained traction. Knudstorp also grew Legos Mindstorms buildable, programmable robot line to the point that it and other non-interlocking-brick products surmount 33 percent of sales.Sometimes when your strategy maker or upper level management was unclear about the strategy then sometimes the firms are clash. The same thing happening with the Teco Bell company. The CEO John Martin strategy was unclear and performance was medicore. Understanding with his customer thing and their needs and desires was outstanding he commissioned a major study employing conjoint analysis. On his first attempt he changes the customer services value with fast service, accurate pasture filling. But more surprising was that the customer considered the condition captured in the fact formula to be more important than havi ng an authentic ethnic food experience. greaser Bell wasnt competing with Tex-Mex restaurants because competitors are fast food provider but Taco Bell is not. Now John Martin develops a value base strategy and tries to give a better service in low cost. Now he cut down the prices and reducing store size with better facilities. He upgraded the restaurants by using new data entry equipment improve store layout and the job profile for store managers and for manager assistants emphasized customer service. Due to these changing in his strategy now Teco Bell has 5000 restaurants. So we can easily analyse for this example, if we increase the customer value and give good services with the help of competitive advantage theories then we improve our input in a decent manner.Conclusion-In this assignment I studied different types of competitive advantage theories and write a literature review on these theories with the help of different journals and papers. From all of these theories I develop my idea about firms performance and conclude how firm are ahead against the competitors. Firstly a firm has to look deeply into what it has, what it can do, what it can get. Secondly the competition is not between or within the industry or firm but sometimes the competition is all over the world where firm need to support about nationally (government) as well as internationally (suitable polices for international companies). For internationally success it is required to be able to transform a domestic position into a global one. Finally to create a competitive advantage the company required a continuous progress to innovate and to discover the competitive opportunities and exploit them. blotto should not stop improving the quality of its products and its methods.History of Art From Middle Ages to Modern TimesHistory of Art From Middle Ages to Modern TimesYodaniz Rodriguez elan Early conversionTitle bloody shame with nestlingArtist Giovanni BelliniDate 1450 1455Material oil on w oodsLocation Civico Museo Malaspina, PaviaReference (Madonna with Child 1450-55, n.d.)The Madonna and Child images introduces one of the most amazing characteristic subjects in Bellinis art. However, this kind of work was not only used by Bellini. (Stokstad Cothren, 2013) Minor and medium to small holy images designed for isolated and domestic ownership were unique features of art during the beginning 15th-century. Bellinis depictions are famous due to a blue devil-blooded pressure that continuously stalemates the mother and child in an association of thoughtful bleakness. (Madonna with Child 1450-55, n.d.) The replicas for these depictions of a Madonna were frequently done by Byzantine and Graeco-Cretans and were distributed in Venice.The unmoving, severe-looking Madonna and Child is comparable to Bartolomeo Vivarinis work. The slender limbs and motionlessness reveal the effect of Jacopo as well. However, the positively defined line of the Child and his transparent clothing con ceivably originates from Squarcione, who was definitely an inhalant to Bellini during the creations of his work. (Madonna with Child 1450-55, n.d.) The presence of light and shadow are evident in this particular work of art. The artist used color to contrast against a Cimmerian base showing composition of the figures. Facial features are not sharp yet there are shadows present on the face and limbs implying that there is light coming from their right side, illuminating them.Style High metempsychosisTitle Madonna of BelvedereArtist Raffaello Sanzio RaphaelDate 1505 1506Material oil on woodLocation Kunsthistorisches Museum in ViennaReference (Madonna of Belvedere, n.d.)The three individuals demonstrating immobility are visualized in an olive green field. These figures are accompanied by gentle facial expressions and impassioned hands. The Virgin Mary is render in a contrapposto posture. The artist seems to have used colors to signify specific details of the impression. The blue on Marys robes indicates the ecclesiastical and the red represents Christs passing. The Madonna stands still as the Mother Church with Christs martyr. Her eyes are fixed on the young Christ that sits on her lap while John the Baptists attention is also on the boy. I believe this is signifying his importance. The crown that sits upon her head seems to be curved to the left and slightly accustomed as she holds up Christ while he rests tracing the small cross held by John. (Madonna of Belvedere, n.d.)Raphael truly congests the reality of Mother Nature in this work and also in many of his other works. His look consisted of more real and natural figures. (Stokstad Cothren, 2013) Distinct from previous depictions created during the Renaissance, this Madonna is illustrated within nature where most were illustrated academic term on a chair during this period. This painting provides a beautiful and impressive perspective in the contextual aspect as if to imply that the countryside itsel f is her chair. (Madonna of Belvedere, n.d.) Although the figures are depicted as immobile, shadows exist under the figures and also within the hands of the Madonna as she holds Christ. Unlike Bellini, Raphael gave his subjects some more realistic and natural facial expressions. The use of light and color really brings out the joy of the characters.Style BaroqueTitle Madonna with ChildArtist Simon VouetDate First half of the seventeenth centuryMaterial oil on canvasLocation Crozat de Tierra, ParisReference (Madonna with Child, n.d.)This preparation by Vouet was appropriately recognized and widespread. It was a recurrent style used by him during this period. The facial expressions of the Virgin consist of the outline of the artists wife, who had unfortunately expired before. It could be that Vouet created this illustration during a nostalgic and emotional period. (Madonna with Child, n.d.)Nevertheless, the image generates the certainty of a massive effort due to the amount of natura l detail presented. The character of the Madonna seems to be chiseled from a large rock, she is smooth and angular. It seems this lynx struggled to highlight the spiritual tenderness of the Madonna and the Child. The child is displayed with the creases of the Madonnas clothing as his mother gazes upon him with affection and allows him to explore her face and clothing. (Madonna with Child, n.d.) The color used in this painting provides a contract to its dark background. The composition of the figures are evident through their position and color. This image inspires deep emotions of sadness and joy as they are depicted in a dark environment but are somewhat lively. The details of the lines of the characters are extraordinary. The childs body consists of natural bodily features as he sits upon the Madonna. The shadows used on the body of the child and the clothing of the mother are so realistic and imply more movement than the previous images discussed in this paper.The commencement R enaissance provided the emergence of more realistic portrayals of nature and human figures by artists who were stimulated by ancient Greek and Roman art and culture. (Stokstad Cothren, 2013) The works illustrated during the Early Renaissance (14th and 15th century) demonstrate some of the severe medieval features, whereas masterpieces created during the High Renaissance period (late 15th and early 16th century) expose the wonderful scopes and balanced configurations related to the standards of the Classical world. (Stokstad Cothren, 2013)The art created during the Baroque period (17th century) personified a lively energy that reflected the edgy essence of its era. In paintings, theatrical descriptions of faith motivated by the Catholic Churchs Counter-Reformation contrasted with animated demonstrations of the secular world normally created in the Protestant north. (Stokstad Cothren, 2013) This was a period that consisted of more emotional and detailed works of the natural world. During this period, it seems that medieval influence was completely eradicated unlike the previous creations of the renaissance age.ReferencesMadonna of Belvedere. (n.d.). Retrieved from Khunts Historisches Museum Wien https//www.khm.at/en/korean/Madonna with Child. (n.d.). Retrieved from Arthermitage http//www.arthermitage.org/Simon-Vouet/Madonna-with-Child.htmlMadonna with Child 1450-55. (n.d.). Retrieved from Religious Art http//www.religious-art.org/Madonna-with-Child-1450-55.htmlStokstad, M., Cothren, M. (2013). Art History intensity 2, 5th Edition. South University. Retrieved from https//digitalbookshelf.southuniversity.edu//books/9781256992356/